Collection and counting efficiency

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Efficiency ◽  
Standard Method ◽  
Shot Noise ◽  
Count Rate ◽  
Detection Efficiency ◽  
Collection Efficiency ◽  
Counting Efficiency ◽  
Single Electron ◽  
Anode Current ◽  
Secondary Electrons

Standards laboratories can provide a photocathode calibration for quantum efficiency, as a function of wavelength, but their measurements are performed with the photomultiplier operating as a photodiode. Each photoelectron released makes a contribution to the photocathode current but, if it is lost or fails to create secondary electrons at d1, it makes no contribution to anode current. This is the basis of collection efficiency, F. The anode detection efficiency, ε‎, allied to F, refers to the counting efficiency of output pulses. The standard method for determining F involves photocurrent, anode current, count rate, and the use of highly attenuating filters; F may also be measured using methods based on single-electron responses (SERs), shot noise, or the SER at the first dynode.

scholarly journals Characteristic properties of Planacon MCP-PMTs

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. P12032
Author(s):  
Y.A. Melikyan ◽  
M. Slupecki ◽  
I.G. Bearden ◽  
J.R. Crowley ◽  
D.A. Finogeev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Count Rate ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Detection Efficiency ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Anode Current ◽  
Dark Count ◽  
Electron Multiplication ◽  
Noise Characteristics ◽  
Microchannel Plates ◽  
Over Time

Abstract A systematic investigation of Planacon MCP-PMTs was performed using 64 XP85002/ FIT-Q photosensors. These devices are equipped with microchannel plates of reduced resistance. Results of a study of their gain stability over time and saturation level in terms of the average anode current are presented. This information allows one to determine the lower limit of the MCP resistance for stable Planacon operation. The spread of the electron multiplication characteristics for the entire production batch is also presented, indicating the remarkably low voltage requirements of these MCP-PMTs. Detection efficiency and noise characteristics, such as dark count rate and afterpulsing level, are also reviewed.

scholarly journals Overcoming detection loss and noise in squeezing-based optical sensing

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaetano Frascella ◽  
Sascha Agne ◽  
Farid Ya. Khalili ◽  
Maria V. Chekhova
Keyword(s):  
Shot Noise ◽  
Optical Sensing ◽  
Detection Efficiency ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Squeezed States ◽  
Squeezed Light ◽  
Noise Limit ◽  
Imaging And Spectroscopy ◽  
Shot Noise Limit

AbstractAmong the known resources of quantum metrology, one of the most practical and efficient is squeezing. Squeezed states of atoms and light improve the sensing of the phase, magnetic field, polarization, mechanical displacement. They promise to considerably increase signal-to-noise ratio in imaging and spectroscopy, and are already used in real-life gravitational-wave detectors. But despite being more robust than other states, they are still very fragile, which narrows the scope of their application. In particular, squeezed states are useless in measurements where the detection is inefficient or the noise is high. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a remedy against loss and noise: strong noiseless amplification before detection. This way, we achieve loss-tolerant operation of an interferometer fed with squeezed and coherent light. With only 50% detection efficiency and with noise exceeding the level of squeezed light more than 50 times, we overcome the shot-noise limit by 6 dB. Sub-shot-noise phase sensitivity survives up to 87% loss. Application of this technique to other types of optical sensing and imaging promises a full use of quantum resources in these fields.

Shot noise, LER, and quantum efficiency of EUV photoresists

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert L. Brainard ◽  
Peter Trefonas ◽  
Jeroen H. Lammers ◽  
Charlotte A. Cutler ◽  
Joseph F. Mackevich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Efficiency ◽  
Shot Noise

High-Count Rate, Low Power and Low Noise Single Electron Readout ASIC in 65nm CMOS Technology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Al Disi ◽  
Alireza Mohammad Zaki ◽  
Qinwen Fan ◽  
Stoyan Nihtianov
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Count Rate ◽  
Cmos Technology ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Single Electron ◽  
High Count ◽  
High Count Rate

Design, Fabrication, and Verification of Blue-Extended Single-Photon Avalanche Diode with Low Dark Count Rate and High Photon Detection Efficiency

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 546-551
Author(s):  
Mei-Ling Zeng ◽  
Yang Wang ◽  
Xiang-Liang Jin ◽  
Yan Peng ◽  
Jun Luo
Keyword(s):  
Bias Voltage ◽  
Spectral Range ◽  
Count Rate ◽  
Detection Efficiency ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Dark Count ◽  
Photon Detection ◽  
Avalanche Diode ◽  
Dark Count Rate ◽  
Photon Detection Efficiency

Single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) can detect extremely weak optical signals and are mostly used in single-photon imaging, quantum communication, medical detection, and other fields. In this paper, a low dark count rate (DCR) single-photon avalanche diode device is designed based on the 180 nm standard BCD process. The device has a good response in the 450~750 nm spectral range. The active area of the device adopts a P+/N-Well structure with a diameter of 20 µm. The low-doped N-Well increases the thickness of the depletion region and can effectively improve the detection sensitivity; the P-Well acts as a guard ring to prevent premature breakdown of the PN junction edge; the isolation effect of the deep N-Well reduces the noise coupling of the substrate. Use the TCAD simulation tool to verify the SPAD’s basic principles. The experimental test results show that the avalanche breakdown voltage of the device is 11.7 V. The dark count rate is only 123 Hz when the over-bias voltage is 1 V, and the peak photon detection efficiency (PDE) reaches 37.5% at the wavelength of 500 nm under the 0.5 V over-bias voltage. PDE exceeds 30% in the range of 460~640 nm spectral range, which has a good response in the blue band. The SPAD device provides certain design ideas for the research of fluorescence detectors.

Intensity Calibration and Sensitivity Comparisons for CCD/Raman Spectrometers

1993 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 1965-1974 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Fryling ◽  
Christopher J. Frank ◽  
Richard L. McCreery
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Efficiency ◽  
Figure Of Merit ◽  
Instrumental Response ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Collection Efficiency ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Quantitative Comparison ◽  
Sample Position ◽  
Fiber Output ◽  
Photodiode Arrays

A calibrated tungsten source combined with a fiber optic was used to correct Raman spectra for instrumental response. With the placement of the fiber output at the Raman sample position, the product of throughput, collection efficiency, quantum efficiency, and sampled area could be assessed. This product is related to a spectrometer figure of merit, which provides a quantitative comparison of spectrometer sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio. Four spectrometer configurations were compared to illustrate the approach. An additional feature of the white light calibration is correction of relative Raman peak intensities. This issue is particularly important due to the substantial differences between CCD quantum efficiency curves and those of photomultipliers or intensified photodiode arrays.

A low dark count rate single photon avalanche diode with standard 180 nm CMOS technology

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (09) ◽  
pp. 1950099
Author(s):  
Wei Wang ◽  
Guang Wang ◽  
Hongan Zeng ◽  
Yuanyao Zhao ◽  
U-Fat Chio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Count Rate ◽  
Detection Efficiency ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Cmos Technology ◽  
Uniform Electric Field ◽  
Avalanche Breakdown ◽  
Guard Ring ◽  
Dark Count ◽  
Avalanche Diode ◽  
Dark Count Rate

A single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) structure designed with standard 180 nm CMOS technology is investigated in detail. The SPAD employs a [Formula: see text]-well anode, rather than the conventional [Formula: see text] layer, and with a [Formula: see text]-well/deep [Formula: see text]-well junction with square shape, a deep retrograde [Formula: see text]-well virtual guard ring which prevents the premature edge avalanche breakdown. The analytical and simulation results show that the SPAD exhibits a uniform electric field distribution in [Formula: see text]-well/deep [Formula: see text]-well junction with the active area of [Formula: see text], and the avalanche breakdown voltage is as low as 9 V, the peak of the photon detection efficiency (PDE) is about 33% at 500 nm, the relatively low dark count rate (DCR) of 0.66 KHz at room temperature is obtained.

scholarly journals Shot noise in ferromagnetic single-electron tunneling devices

1999 ◽  
Vol 60 (17) ◽  
pp. 12246-12255 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. R. Bułka ◽  
J. Martinek ◽  
G. Michałek ◽  
J. Barnaś
Keyword(s):  
Shot Noise ◽  
Electron Tunneling ◽  
Single Electron ◽  
Single Electron Tunneling ◽  
Tunneling Devices

scholarly journals Newly Designed 0.8-ML Teflon® Vial for Microvolume Radiocarbon Dating

Radiocarbon ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 743-747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Buzinny ◽  
Vadim Skripkin
Keyword(s):  
Significant Influence ◽  
Count Rate ◽  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Figure Of Merit ◽  
Liquid Scintillation ◽  
Detection Efficiency ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Counting Period ◽  
Background Count ◽  
Background Count Rate

We have tested two versions of an 0.8-ml volume Teflon® vial, designed specifically for radiocarbon dating in the microvolume range, using a modern Quantulus 1220™ liquid scintillation (LS) spectrometer. We determined the counting performance of each vial type in conjunction with different designs of copper holder, viz., with and without the incorporation of a “Teflon® light coupler”. We also compared the losses of sample benzene during a typical 28-day counting period. Results show that neither vial design nor the type of vial holder used in the intercomparison had a significant influence on counting performance. We recorded an absolute 14C detection efficiency of 82% against a background count rate of 0.1 cpm, i.e., a “figure of merit (FM) value” = 67,240. This compares favorably with the operational parameters anticipated for microvolume 14C dating by modern LS spectrometry. However, variations in the design of the sealing method used between the vial types was reflected in an apparent approximate tenfold difference in the amount of benzene lost during routine counting. In the better case, the evaporation loss was equivalent to 0.032 mg of benzene per day.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document