Unstructured Text Enhanced Open-Domain Dialogue System: A Systematic Survey

2022 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-44
Author(s):  
Longxuan Ma ◽  
Mingda Li ◽  
Wei-Nan Zhang ◽  
Jiapeng Li ◽  
Ting Liu
Keyword(s):  
Generative Models ◽  
Open Domain ◽  
Dialogue System ◽  
Retrieval Models ◽  
External Knowledge ◽  
System A ◽  
Unstructured Text ◽  
Model Components ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
New Research

Incorporating external knowledge into dialogue generation has been proven to benefit the performance of an open-domain Dialogue System (DS), such as generating informative or stylized responses, controlling conversation topics. In this article, we study the open-domain DS that uses unstructured text as external knowledge sources ( U nstructured T ext E nhanced D ialogue S ystem ( UTEDS )). The existence of unstructured text entails distinctions between UTEDS and traditional data-driven DS and we aim at analyzing these differences. We first give the definition of the UTEDS related concepts, then summarize the recently released datasets and models. We categorize UTEDS into Retrieval and Generative models and introduce them from the perspective of model components. The retrieval models consist of Fusion, Matching, and Ranking modules, while the generative models comprise Dialogue and Knowledge Encoding, Knowledge Selection (KS), and Response Generation modules. We further summarize the evaluation methods utilized in UTEDS and analyze the current models’ performance. At last, we discuss the future development trends of UTEDS, hoping to inspire new research in this field.

scholarly journals Composing Arugat ha-Bosem: How Piyyut Commentary Became Associated with Ḥasidei Ashkenaz

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Hollender
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Open Book ◽  
Recent Scholarship ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
New Research ◽  
Hasidei Ashkenaz

AbstractBased on Ivan Marcus’s concept of “open book” and considerations on medieval Ashkenazic concepts of authorship, the present article inquires into the circumstances surrounding the production of SeferArugat ha-Bosem, a collection of piyyut commentaries written or compiled by the thirteenth-century scholar Abraham b. Azriel. Unlike all other piyyut commentators, Abraham ben Azriel inscribed his name into his commentary and claims to supersede previous commentaries, asserting authorship and authority. Based on the two different versions preserved in MS Vatican 301 and MS Merzbacher 95 (Frankfurt fol. 16), already in 1939 Ephraim E. Urbach suggested that Abraham b. Azriel might have written more than one edition of his piyyut commentaries. The present reevaluation considers recent scholarship on concepts of authorship and “open genre” as well as new research into piyyut commentary. To facilitate a comparison with Marcus’s definition of “open book,” this article also explores the arrangement and rearrangement of small blocks of texts within a work.

scholarly journals Zur exakten Behandlung von kollektiven Rotationen Teil A: Theorie / On the Exact Treatment of Collective Rotations Part A: Theory

1973 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 206-215
Author(s):  
Hanns Ruder
Keyword(s):  
Coordinate System ◽  
Perturbation Expansion ◽  
Rotational Energy ◽  
The Body ◽  
System A ◽  
N Body Problem ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Fixed System ◽  
Body Fixed Coordinate System ◽  
Groundstate Energy

Basic in the treatment of collective rotations is the definition of a body-fixed coordinate system. A kinematical method is derived to obtain the Hamiltonian of a n-body problem for a given definition of the body-fixed system. From this exact Hamiltonian, a consequent perturbation expansion in terms of the total angular momentum leads to two exact expressions: one for the collective rotational energy which has to be added to the groundstate energy in this order of perturbation and a second one for the effective inertia tensor in the groundstate. The discussion of these results leads to two criteria how to define the best body-fixed coordinate system, namely a differential equation and a variational principle. The equivalence of both is shown.

XV.—The Placoderm Fish Rhachiosteus pterygiatus Gross and its Relationships

1966 ◽  
Vol 66 (15) ◽  
pp. 377-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger S. Miles
Keyword(s):  
Sensory System ◽  
System A ◽  
The Family ◽  
Definition Of

SynopsisThe holotype and only known specimen of Rhachiosteus pterygiatus Gross is partially redescribed and new restorations are given. Attention is drawn to important points in its osteology and the possible development of a cutaneous sensory system. A definition of the family Rhachiosteidsæ Stensiö is given. This family differs from all other described groups of euarthrodires in the lack of posterior lateral and posterior dorsolateral flank plates. Rhachiosteus is a pachyosteomorph brachythoracid, as defined in the text, and may be fairly closely related in some way to the (coccosteomorph) family Coccosteidsæ. There is no indication that it is closely related to any other known pachyosteomorph, or to other groups of arthrodires, such as the Rhenanida and Ptyctodontida, in which there are no posterior flank plates.

scholarly journals Open-book accounting and trust: influence on buyer-supplier relationship

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 597-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara Cristina Francisco de Almeida Fehr ◽  
Welington Rocha
Keyword(s):  
Data Gathering ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Information Value ◽  
Open Book ◽  
Information Process ◽  
Content Type ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
New Research ◽  
Supplier Relationship

PurposeThis paper aims to discuss the role of open-book accounting (OBA) and trust on buyer–supplier relationship satisfaction. The objective of this paper is to analyze how OBA and trust influence satisfaction on the relationship between suppliers and buyers in the Brazilian automotive sector’s supply chain.Design/methodology/approachThe research has been developed based on a qualitative strategy, characterized as explanatory. Data gathering has been conducted through document analysis and semi-structured interview, and content analysis has been used for discourse analysis.FindingsResults show that OBA is unilateral, imposed by the auto manufacturer, representing a selective information process, as suppliers try to protect their information value as far as possible. Trust is partial and cooperation is not spontaneous, both driven by the search for benefits. OBA may yield a positive or a negative outcome with regard to the social and the economic overall satisfaction of suppliers, depending on how the information is used by auto manufacturer.Originality/valueThe main contribution of this article is to provide an understanding of the difficulties of applying the OBA in companies and of the factors that may influence its operation and performance, impacting on satisfaction and continuity of relationships. The paper also contributes with the proposal of a clearer and more objective definition of OBA. Being the intention that new research in this area can be developed from a delimited, clear and objective definition of OBA, allowing better understanding on the subject and comparison among research studies.

scholarly journals A Systematic Survey on Deep Generative Models for Graph Generation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaojie Guo ◽  
Liang Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Generative Models ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Specific Domain ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Data Representations ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Rich History ◽  
Graph Generation

Graphs are important data representations for describing objects and their relationships, which appear in a wide diversity of real-world scenarios. As one of a critical problem in this area, graph generation considers learning the distributions of given graphs and generating more novel graphs. Owing to its wide range of applications, generative models for graphs have a rich history, which, however, are traditionally hand-crafted and only capable of modeling a few statistical properties of graphs. Recent advances in deep generative models for graph generation is an important step towards improving the fidelity of generated graphs and paves the way for new kinds of applications. This article provides an extensive overview of the literature in the field of deep generative models for graph generation. Firstly, the formal definition of deep generative models for the graph generation as well as preliminary knowledge is provided. Secondly, two taxonomies of deep generative models for unconditional, and conditional graph generation respectively are proposed; the existing works of each are compared and analyzed. After that, an overview of the evaluation metrics in this specific domain is provided. Finally, the applications that deep graph generation enables are summarized and five promising future research directions are highlighted.

scholarly journals Design-Based Research: Definition, Characteristics, Application and Challenges

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-35
Author(s):  
Hamed Vaezi ◽  
Hossein Karimi Moonaghi ◽  
Reyhaneh Golbaf
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Practical Knowledge ◽  
Educational Innovation ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Design Based Research ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
New Research

In recent years medical education has developed dramatically, but lecturers often cite the existence of a gap between theoretical and practical knowledge. In the first decade of the present century, new research methodology named “design-based research (DBR)” was developed, which most experts and journals refer to as a fundamental way to make changes in the quality and applicability of studies and educational research as well as to enhance and improve the practice of instruction. The aim of the present study was introducing design-based research and its concepts, features, applications, and challenges. A narrative review was conducted in 2018. For this purpose, authorized English academic database including Web of Science, Science Direct, Google Scholar, international database and library in medical research filed with keywords including “design-based research, definition of DBR, DBR applications, medical education, and DBR challenges” without date limitation until 2018.11.21 were screened. Overall, 68 articles were selected and after careful reading, 21 article with related subjects were selected for material extraction. The conclusion was made that DBR that combines empirical research with design-based theories could be considered as an effective method for understanding quality, time and the cause of the phenomenon of educational innovation in practice. Usually DBR is formed by initial evaluation of a problem that occurs in a particular context, and this assessment continues throughout design and implementation. One of the characteristics of DBR is the guiding team, which includes researchers, professionals, designers, managers, teachers, trainers and others whose expertise and knowledge may in some way help. The application of DBR in web-based training programs is quite evident. The probability of non-returns in short-term projects is one of the main challenges of DBR. Medical education has developed dramatically in recent years, but it has made little progress in promoting innovative research methodologies. DBR can be used as a bridge between theories and practice and provide the basis for close communication between researchers, designers, and participants. By applying sophisticated methods and multiple sources of information, the success rate of an intervention in a particular environment is assessed, which ultimately leads to improved theories.

scholarly journals Bank Stability Measures in Dual Banking System: A Critical Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Norzitah Abdul Karim ◽  
Amirul Afiff Muhamat ◽  
Azreen Roslan ◽  
Sharifah Faigah Syed Alwi ◽  
Mohamad Nizam Jaafar
Keyword(s):  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Financial Institution ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Banking Supervision ◽  
Basel Committee ◽  
System A ◽  
Overall Stability ◽  
Regulatory Bodies ◽  
Banking Stability ◽  
Definition Of

The 2007-2009 Global Financial Crisis showed that despite reported as ‘healthy’ financial institution prior to crisis had indeed suffered many problems including liquidity during the crisis. Thus, there is confusion on the healthy financial institutions, leading to loss of confidence on the overall stability of the banking system. Thus, there is an urgent need to review the current measures of financial as well as banking stability. This paper aims to look at the definition of ‘stability’ used in the academic researches and by different regulatory bodies, like International Monetary Fund, Basel Committee for Banking Supervision (BCBS) and central banks in selected countries with dual banking systems. It is then, critically review indicators used as measures of financial as well as banking stability. This review is hope to identify areas of strengths as well as weaknesses of the current measures of stability and serves as foundation for further research in future.

scholarly journals Automatic Summarization of Open-Domain Multiparty Dialogues in Diverse Genres

2002 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Zechner
Keyword(s):  
Average Duration ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Global Evaluation ◽  
Ranking Algorithm ◽  
Open Domain ◽  
Automatic Summarization ◽  
Term Weighting ◽  
Written Text ◽  
Summarization System ◽  
New Research

Automatic summarization of open-domain spoken dialogues is a relatively new research area. This article introduces the task and the challenges involved and motivates and presents an approach for obtaining automatic-extract summaries for human transcripts of multiparty dialogues of four different genres, without any restriction on domain. We address the following issues, which are intrinsic to spoken-dialogue summarization and typically can be ignored when summarizing written text such as news wire data: (1) detection and removal of speech disfluencies; (2) detection and insertion of sentence boundaries; and (3) detection and linking of cross-speaker information units (question-answer pairs). A system evaluation is performed using a corpus of 23 dialogue excerpts with an average duration of about 10 minutes, comprising 80 topical segments and about 47,000 words total. The corpus was manually annotated for relevant text spans by six human annotators. The global evaluation shows that for the two more informal genres, our summarization system using dialogue-specific components significantly outperforms two baselines: (1) a maximum-marginal-relevance ranking algorithm using TF*IDF term weighting, and (2) a LEAD baseline that extracts the first n words from a text.

Cropmarks used in aerial archaeology as special spatial indicators of soil features potentially applicable in soil mapping

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mátyás Árvai ◽  
Zoltán Czajlik ◽  
János Mészáros ◽  
Balázs Nagy ◽  
László Pásztor
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Auxiliary Information ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Soil Features ◽  
Random Forest Models ◽  
Kolmogorov Smirnov ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
New Research

<p>Cropmarks are a major factor in the effectiveness of traditional aerial archaeology. The positive and negative features shown up by cropmarks are the role of the different cultivated plants and the importance of precipitation and other elements of the physical environment. In co-operation with the experts of the Eötvös Loránd University a new research was initiated to compare the pedological features of cropmark plots (CMP) and non-cropmark plots (nCMP) in order to identify demonstrable differences between them. For this purpose, the spatial soil information on primary soil properties provided by DOSoReMI.hu was employed. To compensate for the inherent vagueness of spatial predictions, together with the fact that the definition of CMPs and nCMPs is somewhat indefinite, the comparisons were carried out using data-driven, statistical approaches. In the first round three pilot areas were investigated, where Chernozem and Meadow type soils proved to be correlated with the formation of cropmarks. Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests and Random Forest models showed a different relative predominance of pedological variables in each study area. The geomorphological differences between the study areas explain these variations satisfactorily. In the next round, the identified relationships between cropmarking and soil features are planned to be utilized in the spatial inference of soil properties, where crop-marking sites will represent a unique, spatially non-exhaustive auxiliary information.</p>

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