Microbial Contribution to the Human Metabolome: Implications for Health and Disease

The human gastrointestinal tract is home to an incredibly dense population of microbes. These microbes employ unique strategies to capture energy in this largely anaerobic environment. In the process of breaking down dietary- and host-derived substrates, the gut microbiota produce a broad range of metabolic products that accumulate to high levels in the gut. Increasingly, studies are revealing that these chemicals impact host biology, either by acting on cells within the gastrointestinal tract or entering circulation and exerting their effects at distal sites within the body. Given the high level of functional diversity in the gut microbiome and the varied diets that we consume, the repertoire of microbiota-derived molecules within our bodies varies dramatically across individuals. Thus, the microbes in our gut and the metabolic end products they produce represent a phenotypic lever that we can potentially control to develop new therapeutics for personalized medicine. Here, we review current understanding of how microbes in the gastrointestinal tract contribute to the molecules within our gut and those that circulate within our bodies. We also highlight examples of how these molecules affect host physiology and discuss potential strategies for controlling their production to promote human health and to treat disease.

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Safety, efficacy, and maneuverability of a self-propelled capsule endoscope for observation of the human gastrointestinal tract

Endoscopy International Open ◽

10.1055/a-1507-4540 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 09 (09) ◽

pp. E1391-E1396

Author(s):

Kazuhiro Ota ◽

Yuichi Kojima ◽

Kazuki Kakimoto ◽

Sadaharu Nouda ◽

Toshihisa Takeuchi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Capsule Endoscopy ◽

Healthy Subjects ◽

First Generation ◽

The Body ◽

Capsule Endoscope ◽

Human Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Capsule Endoscopes ◽

Time Observation ◽

Real Time Observation

Abstract Background and study aims We developed a self-propelled capsule endoscope that can be controlled from outside the body with real-time observation. To improve the device, we conducted a clinical trial of total gastrointestinal capsule endoscopy in healthy subjects to ascertain whether our first-generation, self-propelled capsule endoscope was safe and effective for observing the entire human gastrointestinal tract. Patients and methods After adequate gastrointestinal pretreatment, five healthy subjects were instructed to swallow a self-propelling capsule endoscope and the safety of a complete gastrointestinal capsule endoscopy with this device was assessed. We also investigated basic problems associated with complete gastrointestinal capsule endoscopy. Results No adverse effects of the magnetic field were identified in any of the subjects. No mucosal damage was noted in any of the subjects with the use of our first-generation, self-propelling capsule endoscope. We found that it took longer than expected to observe the stomach; the view was compromised by the swallowed saliva. The pylorus was extremely difficult to navigate, and the endoscope’s fin sometimes got caught in the folds of the small intestine and colon. Conclusions To resolve the problems associated with the existing self-propelling capsule endoscope, it may be necessary to not only improve the capsule endoscopes, but also to control the environment within the gastrointestinal tract with medications and other means. Our results could guide other researchers in developing capsule endoscopes controllable from outside the body, thus allowing real-time observation.

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Gut microbiota as important modulator of metabolism in health and disease

RSC Advances ◽

10.1039/c8ra08094a ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (74) ◽

pp. 42380-42389 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Xiang-qian Wang ◽

Ai-hua Zhang ◽

Jian-hua Miao ◽

Hui Sun ◽

Guang-li Yan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Human Body ◽

Host Immune Response ◽

Human Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Metabolic Processes ◽

Health And Disease

The human gastrointestinal tract colonizes a large number of microbial microflora to participate in various metabolic processes in the human body, and plays a major role in the host immune response.

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The role of the gastrointestinal tract in the processes of intoxication and detoxiﬁcation of the body

Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology ◽

10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-183-11-118-125 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 183 (11) ◽

pp. 118-125

Author(s):

T. L. Pilat ◽

L. P. Kuzmina ◽

M. M. Kolyaskina ◽

L. M. Bezrukavnikova

Keyword(s):

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Blood Serum ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Food Product ◽

Food Products ◽

The Body ◽

Nutrition Program ◽

Metabolic Products ◽

Cytochrome P 450

This review presents literature data on the role of the gastric tract in the processes of intoxication and detoxiﬁcation of endoand exobiotics. The factors that promote the absorption and metabolism of toxic products in the gastrointestinal tract are described. The causes of intoxication and the mechanisms of two-phase detoxiﬁcation with the participation of phase I enzymes of the biotransformation of xenobiotics in the intestine, in particular cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes, are described in detail. The predominance of the cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme CYP3A4 in the intestine was shown, and among the enzymes of phase II of biotransformation in the intestinal wall, the most important are UDP-glucuronyltransferase and sulfotransferase. The data on the ways of correction of intoxication with the use of a detoxiﬁcation complex of dietary nutrition are presented. Clinical studies have shown that a specialized program provides antioxidant protection and the work of enzymes of the I and II stages of the metabolism of toxins, a decrease in the absorption and excretion of metabolic products, can signiﬁcantly reduce the intoxication of the body, which is extremely necessary during the treatment and rehabilitation of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and other organs and systems. rehabilitation of the body. It was found that the use of products of detox nutritional program LEOVIT DETOX led to a signiﬁcant decrease in the concentration of urea and creatinine, which indicates an accelerated elimination of toxins and metabolic products formed in the body. A decrease in the concentration in the blood of the main enzymes characterizing the detoxiﬁcation activity of the liver ALT, AST, GGT was also established.The aim of the study was to evaluate the detoxiﬁcation eﬀectiveness of the preventive nutrition Program and individual detoxiﬁcation products LEOVIT DETOX, designed to aﬀect all stages of Exo — and endobiotic metabolism.Materials and methods. Detoxiﬁcation nutrition LEOVIT DETOX includes: specialized food product of dietary preventive nutrition “Complex nutrition program DETOX”, detoxifying jelly and bars — specialized food products of dietary preventive nutrition for detoxiﬁcation of the body. The DETOX nutrition program is designed for 15 days and contains 30 products. The dynamics of biochemical parameters of liver and kidney function disorders (AST, ALT, GGT, urea, creatinine), blood lipid spectrum (by total cholesterol), fasting blood glucose level, and products of lipid peroxidation in blood serum were measured.Results. The use of specialized food products of dietary prophylactic nutrition “, a Comprehensive nutrition program DETOX” leads to a signiﬁcant decrease in the concentration of urea and creatinine, AST, ALT, GGT, cholesterol, glucose, diene conjugate, ketodienes of CARBONYLS and increased total oxidative activity of blood serum were examined.Conclusion. The use of a specialized food product of dietary preventive nutrition “Complex nutrition program DETOX” provides eﬀective detoxiﬁcation of the body in diseases of the gastro-intestinal system.

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A comprehensive analysis of the global human gut archaeome from a thousand genome catalogue

10.1101/2020.11.21.392621 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Cynthia Maria Chibani ◽

Alexander Mahnert ◽

Guillaume Borrel ◽

Alexandre Almeida ◽

Almut Werner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Novel Species ◽

The Novel ◽

Archaeal Diversity ◽

Human Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Human Gut ◽

Separate Species ◽

Genomic Features ◽

Substantial Correlation ◽

Health And Disease

The human gut microbiome plays an important role in health and disease, but the archaeal diversity therein remains largely unexplored. Here we report the pioneering analysis of 1,167 non-redundant archaeal genomes recovered from human gastrointestinal tract microbiomes across countries and populations. We identified three novel genera and 15 novel species including 52 previously unknown archaeal strains. Based on distinct genomic features, we warrant the split of the Methanobrevibacter smithii clade into two separate species, with one represented by the novel Candidatus M. intestini. Patterns derived from 1.8 million proteins and 28,851 protein clusters coded in these genomes showed a substantial correlation with socio-demographic characteristics such as age and lifestyle. We infer that archaea are actively replicating in the human gastrointestinal tract and are characterized by specific genomic and functional adaptations to the host. We further demonstrate that the human gut archaeome carries a complex virome, with some viral species showing unexpected host flexibility. Our work furthers our current understanding of the human archaeome, and provides a large genome catalogue for future analyses to decipher its role and impact on human physiology.

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The evolution of the concept of the intestinal microbial-tissue complex

Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology ◽

10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-183-11-4-10 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 183 (11) ◽

pp. 4-10

Author(s):

V. B. Grinevich ◽

Yu. A. Kravchuk ◽

E. I. Sas

Keyword(s):

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Environmental Factors ◽

Functional Element ◽

The Body ◽

Internal Environment ◽

Human Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Mechanisms Of Adaptation

The human gastrointestinal tract is one of the largest in area — points of contact between the internal environment of the host and environmental factors.The most important functional element of this interaction is the microbial — tissue complex of the gastrointestinal tract, and its permeability is deﬁned as a key option in the implementation of the mechanisms of adaptation and homeostasis.The microbiota is represented in various interpretations by the main four domains (archaea, bacteria or eubacteria, eukaryotes and viruses). The combination of these domains into the Biota taxon suggests the need to use the term biota-tissue complex, which more fully reﬂects the sophisticated interactions of all microbial-tissue complexes of the body.

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Immunology of the human gastrointestinal tract in health and disease - A brief review.

The Keio Journal of Medicine ◽

10.2302/kjm.37.168 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 37 (2) ◽

pp. 168-176 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Per Brandtzaeg

Keyword(s):

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Human Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Health And Disease

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Adhesive properties of film-forming strains of staphylococci, isolated from different compartments of the human gastrointestinal tract

Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems ◽

10.15421/021781 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 527-531 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

T. M. Shevchenko ◽

O. Y. Hovorukha ◽

Y. S. Voronkova ◽

O. S. Voronkova

Keyword(s):

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Food Poisoning ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Human Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Adhesive Properties ◽

Initial Stage ◽

Film Forming ◽

Colonization Potential ◽

High Level

Dysbiotic disorders, realized as changes in the composition of microbiota of different biotopes, are among the most difficult conditions to cure. This is due primarily to the fact that opportunistic microorganisms that actually mediate the development of such states are characterized by an increased colonization potential, which at the first stage of penetration into a biotope is realized as adhesion to the cell surface. When a microorganism successfully realises this stage it enters into a competitive relationship with the autochthonous flora and begins to inhibit its development. Such strategy becomes especially successful if the colonist has the ability to form a biofilm. It is known that the initial stage of biofilm formation is adhesion onto the surface, therefore, the study of adhesive properties of clinical strains opens the way for understanding the initial processes of development of dysbiosis and allows for the development of preventive measures. The aim of our research was to investigate the differences in the manifestation of adhesive properties of film-forming strains of staphylococci isolated from different compartments of the human gastrointestinal tract. We established that the frequency of detection of film-forming strains of staphylococci in different compartments of the gastrointestinal tract in the norm or during the development of lesions was for Staphylococcus aureus from 23.8% to 79.4%, and for S. epidermidis from 15.4% to 100%, which indicates the significant role of these microorganisms in the development of complications at the specified biotope. It was determined that the maximal manifestation of adhesive properties was typical for biofilm-forming strains of S. epidermidis and S. aureus isolated during intestinal dysbiosis. The average values of the adhesion index were 6.00 ± 1.41 and 5.88 ± 2.22 and the index of adhesion of microorganisms was 6.61 ± 1.46 and 6.64 ± 2.48 respectively. The lowest value of these indices for film-forming strains was determined for strains of staphylococci isolated from the gastrointestinal tracts of patients suffering from food poisoning – 2.60 ± 1.14 and 2.86 ± 1.23 respectively. The obtained data suggest that the ability for biofilm-formation and a high level of adhesion indexes indicate with a high probability that a strain will cause long-lasting lesions, such as dysbiosis. The determination of these markers at the diagnostic stage will allow a broader study of the biological properties of the strain, which may be the basis for the development of an individual, optimal therapeutic scheme that conforms with the tasks of personalized medicine.

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