scholarly journals The evolution of the concept of the intestinal microbial-tissue complex

2020 ◽  
Vol 183 (11) ◽  
pp. 4-10
Author(s):  
V. B. Grinevich ◽  
Yu. A. Kravchuk ◽  
E. I. Sas
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Functional Element ◽  
The Body ◽  
Internal Environment ◽  
Human Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Mechanisms Of Adaptation

The human gastrointestinal tract is one of the largest in area — points of contact between the internal environment of the host and environmental factors.The most important functional element of this interaction is the microbial — tissue complex of the gastrointestinal tract, and its permeability is defined as a key option in the implementation of the mechanisms of adaptation and homeostasis.The microbiota is represented in various interpretations by the main four domains (archaea, bacteria or eubacteria, eukaryotes and viruses). The combination of these domains into the Biota taxon suggests the need to use the term biota-tissue complex, which more fully reflects the sophisticated interactions of all microbial-tissue complexes of the body.

ECOLOGICAL FEATURES OF HIBERNATING ANIMALS OF YAKUTIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 16-27
Author(s):  
V.T. Sedalishchev ◽  
V.A. Odnokurtsev
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Ground Squirrel ◽  
Brown Bear ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ecological Features ◽  
Winter Conditions ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Physiological Adaptations

Under the influence of environmental factors, in winter-sleeping animals living in extreme winter conditions, a wide range of mechanisms of ecological and physiological adaptations is mani-fested that ensure the normal course of wintering and the survival of populations of species after its end. We carried out an analysis of our own data and literary sources on ecology and endoparasite infestation in three species of rodents – black-capped marmot, Asian long-tailed ground squirrel, Siberian (Asian) chipmunk, and in a representative of predators– brown bear. Data on the distribu-tion of the listed species of hibernating animals in the territory of Yakutia, their reproduction, nutri-tion, the extent of infestation by helminths, hibernation, time of bedding and awakening are given. Before going into hibernation, all hibernating animals reduce their diet and resort to hunger strikes. During this period, liquid and solid excrement is excreted from the body and, together with food waste, helminths leave or destrobilatethe gastrointestinal tract.

scholarly journals Safety, efficacy, and maneuverability of a self-propelled capsule endoscope for observation of the human gastrointestinal tract

2021 ◽  
Vol 09 (09) ◽  
pp. E1391-E1396
Author(s):  
Kazuhiro Ota ◽  
Yuichi Kojima ◽  
Kazuki Kakimoto ◽  
Sadaharu Nouda ◽  
Toshihisa Takeuchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Capsule Endoscopy ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
First Generation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Capsule Endoscope ◽  
Human Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Capsule Endoscopes ◽  
Time Observation ◽  
Real Time Observation

Abstract Background and study aims We developed a self-propelled capsule endoscope that can be controlled from outside the body with real-time observation. To improve the device, we conducted a clinical trial of total gastrointestinal capsule endoscopy in healthy subjects to ascertain whether our first-generation, self-propelled capsule endoscope was safe and effective for observing the entire human gastrointestinal tract. Patients and methods After adequate gastrointestinal pretreatment, five healthy subjects were instructed to swallow a self-propelling capsule endoscope and the safety of a complete gastrointestinal capsule endoscopy with this device was assessed. We also investigated basic problems associated with complete gastrointestinal capsule endoscopy. Results No adverse effects of the magnetic field were identified in any of the subjects. No mucosal damage was noted in any of the subjects with the use of our first-generation, self-propelling capsule endoscope. We found that it took longer than expected to observe the stomach; the view was compromised by the swallowed saliva. The pylorus was extremely difficult to navigate, and the endoscope’s fin sometimes got caught in the folds of the small intestine and colon. Conclusions To resolve the problems associated with the existing self-propelling capsule endoscope, it may be necessary to not only improve the capsule endoscopes, but also to control the environment within the gastrointestinal tract with medications and other means. Our results could guide other researchers in developing capsule endoscopes controllable from outside the body, thus allowing real-time observation.

scholarly journals Microbial Contribution to the Human Metabolome: Implications for Health and Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 345-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Van Treuren ◽  
Dylan Dodd
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Dense Population ◽  
Metabolic Products ◽  
End Products ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
High Level ◽  
Review Current ◽  
Anaerobic Environment

The human gastrointestinal tract is home to an incredibly dense population of microbes. These microbes employ unique strategies to capture energy in this largely anaerobic environment. In the process of breaking down dietary- and host-derived substrates, the gut microbiota produce a broad range of metabolic products that accumulate to high levels in the gut. Increasingly, studies are revealing that these chemicals impact host biology, either by acting on cells within the gastrointestinal tract or entering circulation and exerting their effects at distal sites within the body. Given the high level of functional diversity in the gut microbiome and the varied diets that we consume, the repertoire of microbiota-derived molecules within our bodies varies dramatically across individuals. Thus, the microbes in our gut and the metabolic end products they produce represent a phenotypic lever that we can potentially control to develop new therapeutics for personalized medicine. Here, we review current understanding of how microbes in the gastrointestinal tract contribute to the molecules within our gut and those that circulate within our bodies. We also highlight examples of how these molecules affect host physiology and discuss potential strategies for controlling their production to promote human health and to treat disease.

Possibilities of recombinant cytokines in the structure of training of highly qualified athletes

2021 ◽  
pp. 16-30
Author(s):  
S.P. Alpatov
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Interleukin 2 ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Immune Disorders ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Depressing Effect ◽  
Cytokine Network ◽  
Mechanisms Of Adaptation

Serious sports achievements are associated with extreme impacts on the human body: psycho-emotional and physical loads of the training period, competitions requiring the mobilization of all the adaptive reserves of the body, changes in climatic conditions when athletes move long distances, adverse environmental factors leading to hypothermia. The combination of these factors has a depressing effect on the immune system. The emergence of immune disorders in athletes during periods of extreme physical and psycho-emotional stress made it possible to identify the mechanisms of adaptation failure and depletion of immunity reserves, which requires corrective measures. Roncoleukin® is a complete structural and functional analogue of endogenous interleukin-2 (IL-2) and has the same spectrum of functional activity. It is able to compensate for the deficiency of IL-2 and reproduce its effects as one of the key components of the cytokine network.

scholarly journals Adaptation as a status for students of the Initial course of training in university

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 26-32
Author(s):  
A. Niyazaliyeva ◽  
R. Karaeva ◽  
A. Suyunbek kyzy
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Blood Test ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
Blood System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Exercise Stress ◽  
Adolescent Students ◽  
The Status ◽  
Mechanisms Of Adaptation ◽  
Continental Climate

The article discusses the adaptive characteristics of students by the parameters of a general blood test, to the conditions of the study of a higher educational institution. The purpose of the article is to study the adaptation of the organism to new conditions. One of the most sensitive indicators of many processes occurring in the body is the blood system, which is of the greatest interest since it responsibly to a certain extent reveals the unfolding of a number of phenomena occurring in the body. The key point is the study of the status of adaptation is the indicators of leukocyte formula. On the basis of the above, the processes of adaptation to new sharply continental climate-geographical, environmental factors, including the mechanisms of adaptation of adolescent students of the initial course to new exercise stress, mental and emotional effort, are studied.

Evaluation of the role of environmental factors in the human gastrointestinal tract on the behaviour of probiotic cultures ofLactobacillus casei Shirota andLactobacillus casei LC01 by the use of a semi-dynamicin vitro model

2009 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katia Gianni De Carvlho ◽  
Monika Francisca Kruger ◽  
Danielle Nader Furtado ◽  
Svetoslav Dimitrov Todorov ◽  
Bernadette Dora Gombossy De Melo Franco
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Human Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Vitro Model

The Design of a Hydraulic Suction Tube for Peroral Biopsy of the Human Gastrointestinal Tract

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne E. Quinton ◽  
Arnold L. Flick ◽  
Cyrus E. Rubin
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Human Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Suction Tube

Questions on the role of biofilms for the adaptation of microorganisms to unfavorable environmental factors by the example of P. aeruginosa

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-383
Author(s):  
Vasily N. Afonyushkin ◽  
N. A. Donchenko ◽  
Ju. N. Kozlova ◽  
N. A. Davidova ◽  
V. Yu. Koptev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Pathogenic Potential ◽  
The Face

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a widely represented species of bacteria possessing of a pathogenic potential. This infectious agent is causing wound infections, fibrotic cystitis, fibrosing pneumonia, bacterial sepsis, etc. The microorganism is highly resistant to antiseptics, disinfectants, immune system responses of the body. The responses of a quorum sense of this kind of bacteria ensure the inclusion of many pathogenicity factors. The analysis of the scientific literature made it possible to formulate four questions concerning the role of biofilms for the adaptation of P. aeruginosa to adverse environmental factors: Is another person appears to be predominantly of a source an etiological agent or the source of P. aeruginosa infection in the environment? Does the formation of biofilms influence on the antibiotic resistance? How the antagonistic activity of microorganisms is realized in biofilm form? What is the main function of biofilms in the functioning of bacteria? A hypothesis has been put forward the effect of biofilms on the increase of antibiotic resistance of bacteria and, in particular, P. aeruginosa to be secondary in charcter. It is more likely a biofilmboth to fulfill the function of storing nutrients and provide topical competition in the face of food scarcity. In connection with the incompatibility of the molecular radii of most antibiotics and pores in biofilm, biofilm is doubtful to be capable of performing a barrier function for protecting against antibiotics. However, with respect to antibodies and immunocompetent cells, the barrier function is beyond doubt. The biofilm is more likely to fulfill the function of storing nutrients and providing topical competition in conditions of scarcity of food resources.

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