Rice stripe virus: Exploring Molecular Weapons in the Arsenal of a Negative-Sense RNA Virus

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Xu ◽  
Shuai Fu ◽  
Xiaorong Tao ◽  
Xueping Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Rna Virus ◽  
Brown Planthopper ◽  
Rice Stripe Virus ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Small Brown Planthopper ◽  
Rice Stripe Disease ◽  
Negative Sense

Rice stripe disease caused by Rice stripe virus (RSV) is one of the most devastating plant viruses of rice and causes enormous losses in production. RSV is transmitted from plant to plant by the small brown planthopper ( Laodelphax striatellus) in a circulative–propagative manner. The recent reemergence of this pathogen in East Asia since 2000 has made RSV one of the most studied plant viruses over the past two decades. Extensive studies of RSV have resulted in substantial advances regarding fundamental aspects of the virus infection. Here, we compile and analyze recent information on RSV with a special emphasis on the strategies that RSV has adopted to establish infections. These advances include RSV replication and movement in host plants and the small brown planthopper vector, innate immunity defenses against RSV infection, epidemiology, and recent advances in the management of rice stripe disease. Understanding these issues will facilitate the design of novel antiviral therapies for management and contribute to a more detailed understanding of negative-sense virus–host interactions at the molecular level. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Phytopathology, Volume 59 is August 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals A Plant Virus Ensures Viral Stability in the Hemolymph of Vector Insects through Suppressing Prophenoloxidase Activation

mBio ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaofang Chen ◽  
Jinting Yu ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Hong Lu ◽  
Le Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Virus ◽  
Nonstructural Protein ◽  
Brown Planthopper ◽  
Rice Stripe Virus ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Proteolytic Activation ◽  
Small Brown Planthopper ◽  
Vector Insect ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
The Stability

ABSTRACT Most plant viruses require vector insects for transmission. Viral stability in the hemolymph of vector insects is a prerequisite for successful transmission of persistent plant viruses. However, knowledge of whether the proteolytic activation of prophenoloxidase (PPO) affects the stability of persistent plant viruses remains elusive. Here, we explored the interplay between rice stripe virus (RSV) and the PPO cascade of the vector small brown planthopper. Phenoloxidase (PO) activity was suppressed by RSV by approximately 60%. When the PPO cascade was activated, we found distinct melanization around RSV particles and serious damage to viral stability in the hemolymph. Viral suppression of PO activity was derived from obstruction of proteolytic cleavage of PPOs by binding of the viral nonstructural protein NS3. These results indicate that RSV attenuates the PPO response to ensure viral stability in the hemolymph of vector insects. Our research provides enlightening cues for controlling the transmission of vector-borne viruses. IMPORTANCE Large ratios of vector-borne plant viruses circulate in the hemolymph of their vector insects before entering the salivary glands to be transmitted to plants. The stability of virions in the hemolymph is vital in this process. Activation of the proteolytic prophenoloxidase (PPO) to produce active phenoloxidase (PO) is one of the major innate immune pathways in insect hemolymph. How a plant virus copes with the PPO immune reaction in its vector insect remains unclear. Here, we report that the PPO affects the stability of rice stripe virus (RSV), a notorious rice virus, in the hemolymph of a vector insect, the small brown planthopper. RSV suppresses PPO activation using viral nonstructural protein. Once the level of PO activity is elevated, RSV is melanized and eliminated from the hemolymph. Our work gives valuable clues for developing novel strategies for controlling the transmission of vector-borne plant viruses.

Research Advances in Potyviruses: From the Laboratory Bench to the Field

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiuling Yang ◽  
Yinzi Li ◽  
Aiming Wang
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Genome Expression ◽  
Amount Of Knowledge

Potyviruses (viruses in the genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae) constitute the largest group of known plant-infecting RNA viruses and include many agriculturally important viruses that cause devastating epidemics and significant yield losses in many crops worldwide. Several potyviruses are recognized as the most economically important viral pathogens. Therefore, potyviruses are more studied than other groups of plant viruses. In the past decade, a large amount of knowledge has been generated to better understand potyviruses and their infection process. In this review, we list the top 10 economically important potyviruses and present a brief profile of each. We highlight recent exciting findings on the novel genome expression strategy and the biological functions of potyviral proteins and discuss recent advances in molecular plant–potyvirus interactions, particularly regarding the coevolutionary arms race. Finally, we summarize current disease control strategies, with a focus on biotechnology-based genetic resistance, and point out future research directions. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Phytopathology, Volume 59 is August 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals The Resistances to Rice Stripe Virus and Small Brown Planthopper in Rice Variety, IR 50.

1994 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-18
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Nemoto ◽  
Kouichi Ishikawa ◽  
Eiji Shimura
Keyword(s):  
Rice Variety ◽  
Brown Planthopper ◽  
Rice Stripe Virus ◽  
Small Brown Planthopper

Detecting Rice stripe virus (RSV) in the small brown planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus) with high specificity by RT-PCR

2003 ◽  
Vol 112 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 115-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cai Lijun ◽  
Ma Xizhi ◽  
Kang Lin ◽  
Deng Kejing ◽  
Zhao Shouyuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brown Planthopper ◽  
Rice Stripe Virus ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Laodelphax Striatellus ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Small Brown Planthopper

scholarly journals The α-tubulin of Laodelphax striatellus facilitates the passage of rice stripe virus (RSV) and enhances horizontal transmission

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yao Li ◽  
Danyu Chen ◽  
Jia Hu ◽  
Lu Zhang ◽  
Yin Xiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Nonstructural Protein ◽  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Brown Planthopper ◽  
Rice Stripe Virus ◽  
Laodelphax Striatellus ◽  
Rice Stripe Disease ◽  
Rsv Infection

Rice stripe virus (RSV), causal agent of rice stripe disease, is transmitted by the small brown planthopper (SBPH, Laodelphax striatellus) in a persistent manner. The midgut and salivary glands of SBPH are the first and last barriers in viral circulation and transmission, respectively; however, the precise mechanisms used by RSV to cross these organs and re-inoculate rice have not been fully elucidated. We obtained full-length cDNA of L. striatellus α-tubulin 2 (LsTUB) and found that RSV infection increased the level of LsTUB in vivo. Furthermore, LsTUB was shown to bind the RSV nonstructural protein 3 (NS3) in vitro. RNAi was used to reduce LsTUB expression, which caused a significant reduction in RSV titer, NS3 expression, RSV inoculation rates, and transmission to healthy plants. Electrical penetration graphs (EPG) showed that LsTUB knockdown by RNAi did not impact SBPH feeding; therefore, the reduction in RSV inoculation rate was likely caused by the decrease in RSV transmission. These findings suggest that LsTUB mediates the passage of RSV through midgut and salivary glands and leads to successful horizontal transmission.

The Gut Microbiome, Metformin, and Aging

2021 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sri Nitya Reddy Induri ◽  
Payalben Kansara ◽  
Scott C. Thomas ◽  
Fangxi Xu ◽  
Deepak Saxena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Metformin has been extensively used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, and it may also promote healthy aging. Despite its widespread use and versatility, metformin's mechanisms of action remain elusive. The gut typically harbors thousands of bacterial species, and as the concentration of metformin is much higher in the gut as compared to plasma, it is plausible that microbiome-drug-host interactions may influence the functions of metformin. Detrimental perturbations in the aging gut microbiome lead to the activation of the innate immune response concomitant with chronic low-grade inflammation. With the effectiveness of metformin in diabetes and antiaging varying among individuals, there is reason to believe that the gut microbiome plays a role in the efficacy of metformin. Metformin has been implicated in the promotion and maintenance of a healthy gut microbiome and reduces many age-related degenerative pathologies. Mechanistic understanding of metformin in the promotion of a healthy gut microbiome and aging will require a systems-level approach. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Volume 62 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

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