scholarly journals Measurement of β-oxidation capacity of biological samples by respirometry: a review of principles and substrates

2016 ◽  
Vol 310 (9) ◽  
pp. E715-E723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Ojuka ◽  
Brittany Andrew ◽  
Nicole Bezuidenhout ◽  
Siddiqah George ◽  
Gerald Maarman ◽  
...  

Oxidation of fatty acids is a major source of energy in the heart, liver, and skeletal muscle. It can be measured accurately using respirometry in isolated mitochondria, intact cells, and permeabilized cells or tissues. This technique directly measures the rate of oxygen consumption or flux at various respiratory states when appropriate substrates, uncouplers, and inhibitors are used. Acylcarnitines such as palmitoylcarnitine or octanoylcarnitine are the commonly used substrates. The β-oxidation pathway is prone to feedforward inhibition resulting from accumulation of short-chain acyl-CoA and depletion of CoA, but inclusion of malate or carnitine prevents accumulation of these intermediaries and CoA depletion.

1995 ◽  
Vol 41 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 372-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
João P. S. Cabral

Pseudomonas syringae cells starved in buffer released orcinol-reactive molecules and materials that absorbed ultraviolet light. The number of cells culturable in nutrient medium decreased more rapidly than the number of intact particles determined by microscopy. The results suggested that starvation resulted in the lysis of an increasing number of cells, and that a fraction of the intact particles were not culturable. Starvation also resulted in a decrease in the rate of oxygen consumption with acetate, glycerol, and succinate, but at different levels. Whereas the respiration of acetate and glycerol decreased concomitantly with culturability, the respiration of succinate decreased to levels similar to the concentration of intact cells, suggesting that all intact particles respired the succinate, but only the culturable cells respired the acetate and glycerol. The results suggest that measuring the activity of the electron-transport system can overestimate the viability of starved bacterial cells, and that complex metabolic activities such as the respiration of acetate and glycerol are probably better suited for the evaluation of this parameter.Key words: Pseudomonas syringae, starvation, culturability, viability, respiration.


2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (9) ◽  
pp. 840-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Frampton ◽  
Kevin G. Murphy ◽  
Gary Frost ◽  
Edward S. Chambers

Author(s):  
С.А. Афанасьев ◽  
М.В. Егорова ◽  
Т.В. Куцыкова ◽  
С.В. Попов

Цель исследования - оценка влияния свободных полиненасыщенных и насыщенных жирных кислот (ЖК) на поглощение кислорода изолированными кардиомиоцитами интактных крыс и крыс с ишемическим или диабетическим поражением сердца. Методика. Опыты проведены на крысах-самцах Вистар (250-300 г). Инфаркт миокарда вызывали перевязкой левой коронарной артерии, сахарный диабет (СД) - однократной инъекцией стрептозотоцина в дозе 60 мг/кг, внутрибрюшинно. Изолированные кардиомиоциты получали ферментативным способом. Потребление кислорода оценивали полярографически при разной насыщенности инкубационной среды кислородом ([O] <8 мг/л и ([O] >16 мг/л). В качестве жирных кислот, добавляемых в инкубационную среду, использовали арахидоновую и пальмитиновую кислоты (20 мкМ/л). Результаты. Установлено, что в среде инкубации с высоким содержанием кислорода скорость его потребления изолированными кардиомиоцитами, из сердец крыс с ишемическим или диабетическим поражением сердца, в 2-2,5 раза превышает таковую в кардиомиоцитах из сердца интактных крыс. Введение в среду инкубации 20 мкМ арахидоновой или пальмитиновой ЖК статистически значимо увеличивало потребление кислорода кардиомиоцитами интактных крыс. При моделируемых патологиях был получен прямо противоположный результат. В среде инкубации с низким содержанием кислорода была зафиксирована более низкая исходная скорость дыхания кардиомиоцитов, независимо от того, из сердец крыс какой группы они были выделены. Присутствие жирных кислот приводило к еще большему снижению скорости потребления кислорода кардиомиоцитами интактных крыс. В кардиомиоцитах из сердец с ишемическим поражением жирные кислоты снижали скорость потребления кислорода практически до значений, полученных для кардиомиоцитов интактных крыс. Напротив, жирные кислоты не оказывали заметного влияния на дыхание кардиомиоцитов из сердца крыс с диабетическим поражением. Заключение. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют, что и насыщенные, и ненасыщенные свободные ЖК, на клеточном уровне, способны поддерживать баланс между поступлением и расходом кислорода. Действие ЖК определяется функциональным состоянием кардиомиоцитов и содержанием кислорода во внеклеточном пространстве. Это обстоятельство, вероятно, влияет на состояние энергетического метаболизма кардиомиоцитов и при реальном ишемическом или диабетическом поражении сердца пациентов. Aim. To evaluate the effect of free polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids on oxygen uptake by isolated cardiomyocytes in intact rats and animals with ischemic or diabetic heart disease. Methods. This was a non-randomized, controlled study on three groups of male Wistar rats each containing 10 rats weighing 250-300 g. Myocardial infarction («heart attack») was produced by ligation of the left coronary artery; diabetes mellitus («diabetes») - by a single injection of streptozotocin 60 mg/kg, i.p. The control group consisted of intact animals. Cardomyocytes were isolated by an enzymatic method. Oxygen consumption was assessed polarographically at different saturation of the incubation medium with oxygen ([O] <8 mg/l and ([O] >16 mg/l). Arachidonic and palmitic acid were used as fatty acids to be added to the incubation medium. Results. In the high-oxygen incubation medium, the rate of O consumption by isolated cardiomyocytes from hearts of rats with ischemic or diabetic heart lesions was 2-2.5 times higher than in cardiomyocytes from heart of intact rats. Supplementing the incubation medium with 20 mkM arachidonic or palmitic acid statistically significantly increased oxygen consumption by cardiomyocytes of intact rats. An opposite result was obtained in models of diseases. In the low-oxygen incubation medium, the baseline rate of cardiomyocyte respiration was lower, no matter from which group of rats they had been isolated. The presence of fatty acids led to an even greater decrease in the rate of oxygen consumption by cardiomyocytes of intact rats. In cardiomyocytes from hearts with ischemic injury, fatty acids reduced the rate of oxygen consumption practically to the values observed for cardiomyocytes of intact rats. In contrast, fatty acids did not exert a noticeable effect on respiration of cardiomyocytes from the heart rats with diabetic lesions. Conclusion. The results suggested that saturated and unsaturated free fatty acids are able to maintain a balance between O supply and utilization. The effect of fatty acids is determined by functional state of cardiomyocytes and oxygen content in the extracellular space. This fact apparently influences cardiomyocyte energy metabolism in patients with ischemic or diabetic heart disease.


2019 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaozheng Zhang ◽  
Longxing Fan ◽  
Hua Zhao

1998 ◽  
Vol 332 (2) ◽  
pp. 541-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph SCHALOSKE ◽  
Jürgen SONNEMANN ◽  
Dieter MALCHOW ◽  
Christina SCHLATTERER

cAMP-induced Ca2+ fluxes in Dictyostelium discoideum largely depend on phospholipase A2 activity generating non-esterified fatty acids [Schaloske and Malchow (1997) Biochem. J. 327, 233–238]. In the present study the effect of fatty acids on Ca2+ homoeostasis in D. discoideum was investigated. Cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) was analysed by digital imaging of single fura 2–dextran-loaded cells. Arachidonic acid and linoleic acid induced a transient increase in [Ca2+]i. The concentration of arachidonic acid determined the percentage of responding cells, with the mean height of the increase being dose-independent. In nominally Ca2+-free medium or in the presence of bis-(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N´,N´-tetra-acetic acid (BAPTA), no [Ca2+]i transient was detectable. In spite of this, we found that (1) arachidonic acid induced Ca2+ release from permeabilized cells and from vesicular fractions at concentrations that elicited Ca2+ influx in intact cells and (2) Ca2+ entry was inhibited by inhibitors of Ca2+-transport ATPases and V-type H+-ATPase, indicating that intracellular Ca2+ release precedes Ca2+ entry. Inhibition studies and mutant analysis point to the acidosomal Ca2+ stores as a target of fatty acids. Although fatty acids can substitute fully for cAMP with respect to Ca2+ influx in wild-type cells, experiments with a mutant strain revealed that cAMP also sensitizes the Ca2+-entry mechanism: cAMP-induced Ca2+ influx was normal in a phospholipase C knockout mutant but influx was fairly insensitive to arachidonic acid in this strain. This defect could be overcome by higher doses of arachidonic acid which cause sufficient Ca2+ to be released from the stores to trigger extracellular Ca2+ entry.


1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 893-902 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Manery ◽  
D. R. H. Gourley ◽  
Kenneth C. Fisher

Insulin (5.0 × 10−2 units per ml.) and lactate (5.0 × 10−3 M) caused an uptake of potassium by intact frog skeletal muscles in vitro, and a concomitant loss of potassium from the medium surrounding the muscles; this fluid was Ringer's solution containing 2.1 meq. of potassium per liter. Thus a movement of potassium against a high concentration gradient has been demonstrated. In general, the conditions under which potassium uptake occurred stimulated the oxygen consumption of the muscles. Monoiodoacetic acid (2.5 × 10−4 M) abolished the effect of insulin on the potassium uptake and greatly reduced its effect on the oxygen consumption.


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