Increased leucine flux and leucine oxidation during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle in women

1994 ◽  
Vol 267 (3) ◽  
pp. E422-E428 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Lariviere ◽  
R. Moussalli ◽  
D. R. Garrel
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Protein Metabolism ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Free Triiodothyronine ◽  
Leucine Oxidation

Possible changes in protein metabolism during the menstrual cycle were examined in eight healthy women who received an intravenous infusion of L-[1-13C]leucine on time during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle and one time during the luteal phase. Enrichment of plasma [13C]ketoisocaproate and expired 13CO2 were measured to determine leucine flux and oxidation. Continuous respiratory gas exchange measurements were made for the determination of CO2 production, O2 uptake, and energy expenditure. The day of the tests, plasma thyroid hormone concentrations were measured as well as plasma and urinary cortisol. Leucine flux was higher during the luteal than during the follicular phase (2.25 +/- 0.39 vs 2.01 +/- 0.42 mumol.kg-1.min-1; P < 0.01), and leucine oxidation was also increased during the luteal phase [0.52 +/- 0.14 vs. 0.44 +/- 0.05 mumol.kg-1.min-1 (P < 0.05) for luteal and follicular phases, respectively]. Resting energy expenditure was increased during the luteal phase compared with the follicular phase (218 +/- 22 and 199 +/- 12 kJ/h, respectively). Plasma free triiodothyronine (T3) and the ratio triiodothyronine/reverse triiodothyronine (T3/rT3) were both significantly higher during the luteal phase [7.7 +/- 0.6 vs. 7.1 +/- 0.8 and 4.65 +/- 0.80 vs. 3.93 +/- 0.70 for T3 and T3/rT3, respectively (P < 0.05 for both comparisons)]. This study shows small changes in protein metabolism during the menstrual cycle in women, with an increase in oxidative leucine metabolism during the luteal phase. The concomitant increase observed in circulating free T3 raises the possibility that fluctuations in protein metabolism and thyroid hormones throughout the menstrual cycle are causally related.

Indices of ovulation: comparison of plasma and salivary levels of progesterone with urinary pregnanediol

1984 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Metcalf ◽  
J. J. Evans ◽  
J. A. Mackenzie
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Median Increase ◽  
Daily Excretion ◽  
Alternative Procedures ◽  
Biochemical Assessment

ABSTRACT An increased daily excretion of pregnanediol, relative to that early in the menstrual cycle, is often taken to be evidence that a woman has ovulated. This paper assesses the value of alternative procedures for this purpose. Urine, plasma and saliva samples were collected during a 24-h period from 20 women during the follicular phase and from 20 women during the luteal phase. The 24-h excretion of pregnanediol was compared with (1) the concentration of progesterone in plasma, (2) the concentration of progesterone in saliva, (3) the concentration of pregnanediol in small urine samples, (4) the rate of excretion of pregnanediol and (5) the ratio of pregnanediol to creatinine in small urine samples. Each analyte increased substantially during the luteal phase. The median increases (ratio of luteal to follicular phase values) were 14·8, 3·2, 10·6, 11·9 and 11·1 respectively. By comparison, the median increase in 24-h pregnanediol output was 9·2. When the other analytes were used instead of the 24-h excretion of pregnanediol to assess the possibility of ovulation, the incidence of misclassifications (follicular samples classed as luteal and luteal samples classed as follicular) was 0, 12·8, 5·9, 2·0 and 1·0% respectively. It was concluded that the most satisfactory alternative to the measurement of 24-h pregnanediol output for the biochemical assessment of ovulation based on progesterone production was the measurement of the concentration of progesterone in plasma; the least satisfactory alternative was determination of the concentration of progesterone in saliva. If blood was not available, measurement of the ratio of pregnanediol to creatinine in a small urine sample was the preferred method. J. Endocr. (1984) 100, 75–80

THE FLUORIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF PROGESTERONE IN HUMAN PLASMA DURING PREGNANCY AND THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE

1962 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. V. SHORT ◽  
IRIS LEVETT
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Human Plasma ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Fluorimetric Determination ◽  
Fluorescence Reaction ◽  
Good Agreement

SUMMARY The fluorescence reaction for progesterone described by Touchstone & Murawec (1960) has been used to determine the concentration of progesterone in nineteen samples of peripheral blood from pregnant women, and in seventeen samples of peripheral blood from women during the course of the menstrual cycle. There was good agreement between the ultraviolet and fluorescent estimates of progesterone in all the samples from pregnant women. The concentrations found during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle were in general lower than those found during the luteal phase. In one woman who was sampled repeatedly during the course of a menstrual cycle, there was a well defined rise in the level of progesterone in the blood after the expected date of ovulation.

Influence of the menstrual cycle on nonlinear properties of heart rate variability in young women

2009 ◽  
Vol 297 (2) ◽  
pp. H765-H774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaopeng Bai ◽  
Jingxiu Li ◽  
Lingqi Zhou ◽  
Xueqi Li
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Ovarian Hormone ◽  
Free Triiodothyronine ◽  
Complexity Measures ◽  
Nonlinear Properties ◽  
Healthy Women

This study was designed to assess the changes in nonlinear properties of heart rate (HR) variability (HRV) during the menstrual cycle by means of complexity measures, including sample entropy (SampEn) and correlation dimension (CD), and explore probable physiological interpretations for them. In 16 healthy women (mean age: 23.8 ± 2.7 yr), complexity measures along with the spectral components of HRV (sympathovagal markers) were analyzed over 1,500 R-R intervals recorded during both the follicular phase ( day 11.9 ± 1.4) and the luteal phase ( day 22.0 ± 1.4) of each woman's menstrual cycle. Simultaneously, serum ovarian hormone (estradiol-17 and progesterone) and thyroid-related hormone [free triiodothyronine, free thyroxine (T4), and thyroid-stimulating hormone] concentrations were measured. With regard to HRV measures, SampEn, CD, and high-frequency (HF) components decreased from the follicular phase to the luteal phase, whereas normalized low-frequency (LF) components and the LF-to-HF ratio as well as resting HR increased. In regard to hormone levels, whereas progesterone was increased, the other hormone concentrations were unchanged. Furthermore, across the menstrual cycle, both SampEn and CD were well correlated with the spectral indexes and free T4 concentrations, and SampEn also showed significant correlations with the ratio of estradiol-17 to progesterone concentrations. These results suggest that the nonlinear properties in HRV are altered during the regular menstrual cycle and that the autonomic nervous system, ovarian hormone balance, and free T4 may be involved in nonlinear HR control in healthy women. All of these factors may enrich the physiological meanings of complexity measures.

EVALUATION OF CHANGES IN CARDIORESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS DURING DIFFERENT PHASES OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE IN YOUNG WOMEN

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shehnaz Shaikh
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Uterine Wall ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Menstrual Phase ◽  
Granulose Cells ◽  
Efficiency Test

Introduction: Menstrual cycle or menstruation involved discharge of sanguinous fluid and a sloughing of uterine wall. In women menstruation occurs at regular intervals on an average of 28 days, although most women gave a history of regular intervals of 28 to 30 days. About 10% -15% of women showed cycle at the precise 28 ± 2 days intervals when menstrual calendar was utilized. Normally in young women in different phases of ovarian cycles the plasma levels of estrogen vary. Ovulation occurs in the first 12-13th day of menstrual cycle, which is termed estrogen surge and second occurs in mid-luteal phase. During mid cycle or follicular phase of menstrual cycle the plasma concentration of progesterone is very low about 0.9 ng/mL. its level starts rising owing to secretion from the granulose cells. During luteal phase progesterone level reaches its peak value of 18 ng/mL and its level fall to a minimum value toward the end of the cycle. Estrogen affects local and systemic vasodilation. The menstrual cycle envelops two fundamental stages, the follicular stage (FP) and the luteal stage (LP). The follicular stage can part advance into two substages; the early FP, which is characterised with moo concentrations of both the key hormones estrogen and progesterone; and the mid FP where estrogen is tall autonomously from progesterone. The LP is epitomized by tall concentration of both estrogen and progesterone. These two fundamental stages are isolated by a soak surge in luteinizing hormone activating ovulation. These recurrent changes are said to be frequency unsurprising while long time. Aim: The main aim of this study is to evaluate the Cardiorespiratory functions changes during different Phases of Menstrual Cycle.   Material and methods: In this study, 20 with normal weight, 20 with obese and 20 with overage were included and taken them as a sample size. In this study all the young women those were recruited as a sample size are unmarried, undergraduate female student with the between the age group of 18-22years, having regular 28+6 days menstrual cycle for at least last 6months prior to this study. For the collection of data all the participants were instructed to attend the physiology lab department during each of three different phases. Day-2 during menstrual phase, Day-7, during follicular phase and Day-22 during luteal phase and the following parameters were recorded as Anthropometric measurements, measuring of pulse rate and blood pressure and cardiac efficiency test. Result: In general, work out proficiency changed essentially amid the distinctive stages of the menstrual cycle with the most elevated amid luteal stage and least amid menstrualo stage. There was no critical contrast in impact test amid menstrual stage, follicular stage and luteal stage of menstrual cycle among three bunches of people. Conclusion: We have watched noteworthy increment in cardiac and respiratory proficiency within the luteal stage of the menstrual cycle in ordinary weight people. Lower wellness levels were watched in overweight and stout females. In this manner hone of customary work out and admissions of solid slim down which offer assistance in lessening the weight and in turn the BMI will offer assistance in improving the physical wellness of the people. Keywords: Cardiorespiratory, Menstrual cycle, expiratory blast test

scholarly journals Influence of Menstrual Cycle Estradiol-β-17 Fluctuations on Energy Substrate Utilization-Oxidation during Aerobic, Endurance Exercise

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 7209
Author(s):  
Hannah N. Willett ◽  
Kristen J. Koltun ◽  
Anthony C. Hackney
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Substrate Utilization ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Exercise Session ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Energy Substrate ◽  
Fat Utilization

This study examined the effect of estradiol-β-17 across the menstrual cycle (MC) during aerobic exercise on energy substrate utilization and oxidation. Thirty-two eumenorrheic (age = 22.4 ± 3.8 y (mean ± SD)), physically active women participated in two steady-state running sessions at 65% of VO2max, one during the early follicular and one during the luteal phase of the MC. Blood samples were collected at rest before each exercise session and analyzed for Estradiol-β-17 to confirm the MC phase. Carbohydrate (CHO) utilization and oxidation values were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the luteal (utilization: 51.6 ± 16.7%; oxidation: 1.22 ± 0.56 g/min; effect size (ES) = 0.45, 0.27) than follicular phase (utilization: 58.2 ± 15.1%; oxidation: 1.38 ± 0.60 g/min) exercise sessions. Conversely, fat utilization and oxidation values were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the luteal (utilization: 48.4 ± 16.7%; oxidation: 0.49 ± 0.19 g/min; ES = 0.45,0.28) than follicular phase (utilization: 41.8 ± 15.1%; oxidation: 0.41 ± 0.14 g/min). Estradiol-β-17 concentrations were significantly (p < 0.01) greater during the luteal (518.5 ± 285.4 pmol/L; ES = 0.75) than follicular phase (243.8 ± 143.2 pmol/L). Results suggest a greater use of fat and reduced amount of CHO usage during the luteal versus follicular phase, directly related to the change in resting estradiol-β-17. Future research should investigate the role these changes may play in female athletic performance.

Urinary melatonin, LH, oestradiol, progesterone excretion during the menstrual cycle or in women taking oral contraceptives

1987 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jocelyne Brun ◽  
Bruno Claustrat ◽  
Michel David
Keyword(s):  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Oral Contraceptives ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Normal Women

Abstract. Nocturnal urinary excretion of melatonin, LH, progesterone and oestradiol was measured by radioimmunoassay in nine normal women during a complete cycle. In addition, these hormonal excretions were studied in two women taking an oral contraceptive. A high within-subject coefficient of variation was observed for melatonin excretion in the two groups. In the nine normal cycling women, melatonin excretion was not decreased at the time of ovulation, but was significantly increased during the luteal phase compared with that of the follicular phase (P < 0.01). These data are consistent with a positive relationship between melatonin and progesterone during the luteal phase. In the two women under an oral contraceptive, melatonin excretion was found within the same range as for the other nine. The results are discussed in terms of pineal investigation in human.

Haemodynamic responses to psychosocial stress during the menstrual cycle

1991 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Manhem ◽  
Christina Jern ◽  
Martin Pilhall ◽  
Guy Shanks ◽  
Sverker Jern
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Psychosocial Stress ◽  
Mental Stress ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Plasma Catecholamine Concentrations

1. The haemodynamic effects of hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle were examined in 11 normotensive women (age 20–46 years). The subjects were studied on days 2–8 (follicular phase) and days 18–26 (luteal phase) in a randomized order. A standardized mental stress test and a 24 h recording of ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate were performed. 2. Pre-stress resting levels of heart rate and blood pressure were similar during the two phases of the menstrual cycle. 3. During mental stress, the heart rate response was significantly greater during the luteal phase than during the follicular phase (14.7 versus 9.7 beats/min; P < 0.05). 4. Blood pressure, plasma catecholamine concentrations and subjective stress experience increased significantly in response to stress, without any significant differences between the two phases. 5. During 24 h ambulatory monitoring, higher levels of systolic blood pressure and heart rate were observed in the luteal phase than in the follicular phase (P < 0.005 and P < 0.0001, respectively). 6. These data indicate that cyclic variations in female sex hormones not only affect systolic blood pressure and heart rate, but also alter the haemodynamic responses to psychosocial stress.

Longitudinal Measurements of Resting Energy Expenditure by Indirect Calorimetry in Healthy Term Infants during the First 2 Months of Life

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (09) ◽  
pp. 918-923
Author(s):  
Sourabh Verma ◽  
Sean M. Bailey ◽  
Pradeep V. Mally ◽  
Heather B. Howell
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Indirect Calorimetry ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Longitudinal Measurements ◽  
Expired Gas ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Resting Energy

Objective To determine longitudinal measurements of resting energy expenditure (REE) by indirect calorimetry (IC) in healthy term infants during the first 2 months of life. Study Design An outpatient prospective pilot study was performed in healthy term infants to estimate REE by measuring expired gas fractions of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) with IC in a respiratory and metabolic steady state. Results A total of 30 measurements were performed. Fourteen subjects completed measurements at both 1 and 2 months of life, and two subjects had only measurements made at 1 month of life. Mean REE values were 64.1 ± 12.7 and 58.4 ± 14.3 kcal/kg/d at 1 and 2 months of age, respectively. Mean O2 consumption and CO2 production measurements were 9.3 ± 2.0 and 7.7 ± 1.2 mL/kg/min and 8.1 ± 2.2 and 6.4 ± 1.1 mL/kg/min at 1 and 2 months of age, respectively. Conclusion This pilot study demonstrates longitudinal measurements of REE by IC in healthy term infants during the first 2 months of life. We also demonstrate that, overall, there is consistency in REE values in this population, with a likely decrease in individual longitudinal measurements over the first 2 months of life.

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