Contribution of different triggers to the gastric accommodation reflex in humans

2009 ◽  
Vol 297 (5) ◽  
pp. G902-G906 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pieter Vanden Berghe ◽  
Pieter Janssen ◽  
Sebastien Kindt ◽  
Rita Vos ◽  
Jan Tack
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Gastric Retention ◽  
Fixed Rate ◽  
Proximal Stomach ◽  
Gastric Accommodation ◽  
Sham Feeding ◽  
Early Satiety ◽  
Cephalic Phase ◽  
And Control ◽  
Nasointestinal Tube

Accommodation of the stomach consists of a vagally mediated relaxation of the proximal stomach, providing the meal with a reservoir. Our aim was to study whether, similar to other vagally mediated processes, the accommodation reflex is also determined by cephalic, oropharyngeal, gastric, and intestinal phases. Eleven healthy subjects underwent in randomized order five gastric barostat studies and two satiety drinking tests. In all studies, isobaric tone measurements (at minimal distending pressure + 2 mmHg) were performed 20 min before and 20 min after a nutrient stimulus. The stimuli included only visual and olfactory exposure to a meal (cephalic stimulation), taking liquid nutrient in the mouth without swallowing (sham feeding), ingestion of a 200-ml 300-kcal nutrient meal with blocked outflow to the pylorus (gastric retention), and meal infusion through a nasointestinal tube (duodenal instillation), or normal ingestion (control). During satiety testing, subjects ingested liquid nutrient at a fixed rate of 15 ml/min until maximum satiety, with an inflated or deflated intrapyloric balloon assembly. Progressively bigger gastric relaxatory responses were seen with cephalic stimulation (18 ± 19 ml), sham feeding (54 ± 21 ml), gastric retention (95 ± 47), duodenal instillation (144 ± 33), and control (232 ± 33 ml). The amount of nutrient ingested at maximum satiety was significantly lower with an inflated intrapyloric balloon (1,223 ± 103 vs. 1,392 ± 124 ml, P < 0.05). The accommodation reflex in humans lacks a cephalic phase, but it can be activated from the oropharynx, the stomach, and the duodenum. Blocking passage to the duodenum significantly decreases the amplitude of the accommodation reflex and induces early satiety.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the phagocytic activity of peripheral blood monocytes of patients with Jorge Lobo's disease

2004 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fátima Regina Vilani-Moreno ◽  
Luciana Moreira Silva ◽  
Diltor Vladimir Araújo Opromolla
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Time ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Phagocytic Activity ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Blood Monocytes ◽  
Peripheral Blood Monocytes ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
And Control

Studies on host-parasite interaction in Jorge Lobo's disease are scarce, with no report in the literature on the phagocytosis of Lacazia loboi by phagocytic mononuclear cells. Thus, the objective of the present study was to assess the phagocytic activity of blood monocytes in the presence of L. loboi in patients with the disease and in healthy subjects (controls) over 3 and 24 hours of incubation. Statistical analyses of the results showed no significant difference in percent phagocytosis of the fungus between patient and control monocytes. With respect to incubation time, however, there was a significant difference, in that percent phagocytosis was higher at 3 hours than at 24 hours (p <0.01). These results suggest that monocytes from patients with the mycosis are able to phagocyte the fungus, as also observed in control individuals.

Effect of Modified Sham Feeding and Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia on Function of the Proximal Stomach

Digestion ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 62 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 110-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Mearadji ◽  
J.W.A. Straathof ◽  
C. Naaykens ◽  
M. Frölich ◽  
C.B.H.W. Lamers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Proximal Stomach ◽  
Sham Feeding

scholarly journals Acupuncture inhibits vagal gastric acid secretion stimulated by sham feeding in healthy subjects.

Gut ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 35 (8) ◽  
pp. 1026-1029 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Lux ◽  
J Hagel ◽  
P Backer ◽  
G Backer ◽  
R Vogl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acid Secretion ◽  
Gastric Acid Secretion ◽  
Gastric Acid ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Sham Feeding

Increased NOX1 and DOUX2 Expression in the Colonic Mucosa of Patients with Chronic Functional Constipation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiuqin Wei ◽  
Chunbo Kang ◽  
Lei Gao ◽  
Mengqiao Zhang ◽  
Mei Xue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nadph Oxidase ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Mrna Level ◽  
Functional Constipation ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Control ◽  
Colonic Biopsies

Abstract Aim To determine whether oxidative stress and inflammation are associated with constipation by examining the expression of the main producers of reactive oxygen species, NADPH oxidases, and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the colon of patients with chronic functional constipation. Methods The colonic biopsies were collected from 32 patients with chronic functional constipation and 30 healthy subjects who underwent colonoscopy. Colonic mucosal histology was observed. IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 mRNA, and four members of NADPH oxidase (NOX1, NOX2, DOUX2 and NOX4) protein and mRNA were assessed by immunohistochemistry, western blotting and RT-PCR. Results The tissues from both patients and healthy subjects showed normal histological structure without increase of inflammatory cells. NOX1 protein and mRNA levels were significantly increased compared to controls (P<0.05). DOUX2 protein, but not mRNA, was increased by twofold compared to controls (P<0.05). The levels of NOX2 and NOX4 protein and mRNA demonstrated no significant difference between patients and control subjects. The levels of IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA were significantly higher in constipation patients (P<0.05), while IL-8 mRNA level was no different between the two groups. Conclusion NADPH oxidase and pro-inflammatory cytokine might be involved in the pathogeneses of chronic functional constipation.

Predictive value of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-neutrophil ratio, and neutrophil-to-monocyte ratio in lupus nephritis

Lupus ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (9) ◽  
pp. 1031-1039
Author(s):  
Peng Liu ◽  
Peiyuan Li ◽  
Zhong Peng ◽  
Yazhou Xiang ◽  
Chenqi Xia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lupus Nephritis ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Neutrophil To Lymphocyte Ratio ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves ◽  
Lymphocyte Ratio ◽  
And Control ◽  
First Time

Objective To evaluate the role of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), platelet-to-neutrophil ratio (PNR), platelet-to-monocyte ratio (PMR), and neutrophil-to-monocyte ratio (NMR) as predictors for lupus nephritis (LN) patients without infection or as biomarkers for distinguishing between infection or flare with LN patients. Methods LN patients were divided into three groups: LN without infection, LN with infection, and LN with flare. A total of 57 healthy subjects were enrolled as controls. The differentiation was analyzed between LN without infection and control group, and LN with infection and LN with flare. Correlations among variables were assessed in the LN group without infection. Receiver operating characteristic curves were constructed in two comparable groups. Results NLR, PLR, and MLR were increased significantly in the LN group without infection as compared with those in healthy controls. NLR (area under the curve (AUC): 0.75) and MLR (AUC: 0.79) were useful for distinguishing between LN patients without infection and healthy subjects. In differentiating LN patients without infection from the controls, optimal cutoffs of NLR and MLR were 3.43 (sensitivity: 45.6%, specificity: 96.5%, and overall accuracy: 68.8%) and 0.24 (sensitivity: 75.0%, specificity: 73.7%, and overall accuracy: 73.6%), respectively. In addition, NLR ( r = 0.322, p = 0.011) and PLR ( r = 0.283, p = 0.026) were positively correlated with CRP. Importantly, NLR and NMR were increased while PNR was decreased in the LN group with infection in comparison with those in the LN group with flare. NLR (AUC: 0.80), NMR (AUC: 0.78), and PNR (AUC: 0.74) were useful in differentiating LN patients with infection and flare, and their optimal cutoffs were 4.02 (sensitivity: 82.6%, specificity: 69.6%, and overall accuracy: 75.5%), 12.19 (sensitivity: 80.4%, specificity: 73.9%, and overall accuracy: 77.5%), and 28.26 (sensitivity: 65.2%, specificity: 76.8%, and overall accuracy: 71.6%), respectively. Conclusions We demonstrated, for the first time, that MLR or NMR had the best accuracy in differentiating LN patients without infection from healthy subjects, or differentiating infection from flare in LN patients, respectively. Our results implied that NLR, MLR, PNR, and NMR may be useful biomarkers in predicting LN.

Effect of meal size and frequency on postprandial thermogenesis in dogs

1986 ◽  
Vol 250 (2) ◽  
pp. E144-E147 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. LeBlanc ◽  
P. Diamond
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Sensory Stimulation ◽  
Meal Size ◽  
Meal Frequency ◽  
Palatable Food ◽  
Sham Feeding ◽  
Cephalic Phase ◽  
Postprandial Thermogenesis ◽  
Thermogenic Response ◽  
Large Meal

The influence of meal size and frequency on postprandial thermogenesis was studied in nine mongrel dogs (congruent to 18 kg). Oxygen uptake (VO2) and respiratory quotient (R) were continuously monitored by indirect calorimetry during the following experiments. In expt 1, four dogs were fed on alternated days either a large (3.1 MJ) or small meal (0.77 MJ). In expt 2, five different dogs were fed on alternated days either one large meal (3.1 MJ) or four consecutive small meals (0.77 MJ) spaced at 1.5-h intervals. In expt 3, the four dogs of expt 1 after being sham fed 3 times at 1.5-h intervals were given one large meal (3.1 MJ). The VO2 increase during the initial or cephalic phase (congruent to 50 min) was independent of the meal size but it was directly proportional to the amount of food ingested during the digestive phase. The total thermogenic response to four small meals (125 g) fed at 1.5-h intervals was twice as large as that of one large meal (500 g). One large meal (500 g) preceded by three periods of sham feeding was also found to be more thermogenic than a large meal only. For all experiments the changes in R were seen to parallel the postprandial fluctuations in VO2. These findings indicate that the enhanced heat production obtained when meal frequency is increased is caused by the repeated sensory stimulation produced by palatable food.

scholarly journals Cancers Cells in Traps? The Pathways of NETs Formation in Response to OSCC in Humans—A Pilot Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 107327482096047
Author(s):  
Marzena Garley ◽  
Ewa Jabłońska ◽  
Wojciech Miltyk ◽  
Kamil Grubczak ◽  
Arkadiusz Surażyński ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps ◽  
Indirect Contact ◽  
Phosphorylated Proteins ◽  
Extracellular Traps ◽  
Western Blot Method ◽  
And Control

The aim of the experiment was to evaluate the process of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in response to direct or indirect contact with SCC cells in comparison to results obtained in the cells of healthy subjects. To fulfill study objectives CAL 27 cell line and blood were obtained from cancer patients and control subjects. Parameters related to NETs formation were analyzed utilizing flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy, and ELISA-type tests. The expression of selected phosphorylated proteins of the PI3K/Akt/PBK pathway in neutrophils was evaluated using the Western blot method. An increase in NETs formation was observed in a coculture of neutrophils with SCC cells, with the largest amount of NETs formed after stimulation with a supernatant obtained from the SCC culture. The enhanced process of NETs formation was accompanied by changes in the expression of proteins from the PI3K/Akt/PBK pathway. The obtained results prove the existence of interactions between neutrophils and cancer cells resulting in NETosis with the participation of the PI3K/Akt/PBK pathway in patients with OSCC.

An analysis of complex sentence structures in patients with schizophrenia

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 228-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aysegul Ozcan ◽  
Gulmira Kuruoglu ◽  
Koksal Alptekin ◽  
Sumru Ozsoy
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Language Disorder ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Complex Sentence ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Dsm Iv ◽  
Simple Sentences ◽  
And Control ◽  
Cognitive Problems

Patients with schizophrenia often display unusual language impairments and these abnormalities in language are among the most extreme and obvious symptoms in Schizophrenia Disorder. In this context, this research attempts to analyze and compare the schizophrenic patients’ and control group’s speech  in terms of complex sentence structures. Fifty patients with schizophrenia diagnosed according to DSM-IV criteria have been includedd in the study and compared to fifty healthy subjects matched for age, sex and education level with the patients.  The subjects’ speech  has been  evaluated in four stages.  These are narration, story picture sequencing, semi-structured speech and free speech. The data consists of 8-10 minute recorded interviews.  The recordings have been transcribed based on DuBois’ Discourse Transcription Symbols. The statistical  and linguistic analyses have shown significant differences between complex sentence types’ of patients with schizophrenia and healthy subjects’. The findings have demonstrated that due to the possible cognitive problems the speech produced by schizophrenia patients  is syntactically less complex than that of controls. Additionally, patients with schizophrenia use shorter and simple sentences instead of complex sentences compared to healthy subjects.Keywords: schizophrenia, sentence structure, complex sentence, language disorder, thought disorder.

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