Intact biliary excretion of gastrically administered prostaglandin F2 alpha in rats: developmental differences

1987 ◽  
Vol 253 (6) ◽  
pp. G787-G792
Author(s):  
A. D. Bedrick ◽  
M. A. Wells ◽  
D. L. Ford ◽  
O. Koldovsky

Tritium-labeled prostaglandin F2 alpha was administered via orogastric tube to bile duct-cannulated suckling and weanling rats to determine if maturational differences were present in the biliary excretion of prostaglandin F2 alpha and metabolites. Animals were killed 2 h after radioactivity administration. Characterization of radioactivity present in bile revealed age-related differences in biliary prostaglandin F2 alpha excretion. Suckling rats had a greater proportion of radioactivity migrating in chromatographic regions of greater polarity than prostaglandin F2 alpha. Compared with the weanling, a significantly greater amount of radioactivity cochromatographed with intact, unmetabolized prostaglandin F2 alpha (33.08 +/- 1.99 vs. 21.38 +/- 1.46). These results indicate that orogastrically administered prostaglandin F2 alpha can be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, transported to the liver, and subsequently excreted into bile and detected in an unmetabolized form in suckling and weanling rats. The enterohepatic circulation of milk-derived prostaglandin present in bile may contribute to the overall content of intestinal prostaglandins.

1972 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Caldwell ◽  
L. G. Dring ◽  
R. T. Williams

1.14C-labelled amphetamine and methamphetamine were injected into rats cannulated at the bile duct under thiopentone anaesthesia and the output of their metabolites in urine and bile was determined. 2. With amphetamine, 69% of the14C was excreted in the urine and 16% in the bile in 24h. The main metabolite in bile was the glucuronide of 4-hydroxyamphetamine. The output of unchanged amphetamine was much greater in cannulated rats than in intact rats. 3. With methamphetamine, 54% of the14C appeared in the urine and 18% in the bile. The main metabolite in the bile was the glucuronide of 4-hydroxynorephedrine. The output of amphetamine, a metabolite of methamphetamine, was much greater in cannulated rats than in intact rats. 4. Evidence has been obtained for the enterohepatic circulation of certain amphetamine and methamphetamine metabolites in the rat. 5. Thiopentone anaesthesia appeared to inhibit the ring hydroxylation of amphetamine administered as such or formed as a metabolite of methamphetamine.


1972 ◽  
Vol 129 (4) ◽  
pp. 869-879 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Renwick ◽  
R. T. Williams

1. 14C-labelled cyclamate has been administered to guinea pigs, rabbits, rats and humans. When given orally to these species on a cyclamate-free diet, cyclamate is excreted unchanged. In guinea pigs some 65% of a single dose is excreted in the urine and 30% in the faeces, the corresponding values for rats being 40 and 50%, for man, 30–50% and 40–60%, and for rabbits, 90 and 5%, the excretion being over a period of 2–3 days. 2. Cyclamate appears to be readily absorbed by rabbits but less readily by guinea pigs, rats and humans. 3. If these animals, including man, are placed on a diet containing cyclamate they develop the ability to convert orally administered cyclamate into cyclohexylamine and consequently into the metabolites of the latter. The extent to which this ability develops is variable, the development occurring more readily in rats than in rabbits or guinea pigs. In three human subjects, one developed the ability quite markedly in 10 days whereas two others did not in 30 days. Removal of the cyclamate from the diet caused a diminution in the ability to convert cyclamate into the amine. 4. In rats that had developed the ability to metabolize orally administered cyclamate, intraperitoneally injected cyclamate was not metabolized and was excreted unchanged in the urine. The biliary excretion of injected cyclamate in rats was very small, i.e. about 0.3% of the dose. 5. The ability of animals to convert cyclamate into cyclohexylamine appears to depend upon a continuous intake of cyclamate and on some factor in the gastrointestinal tract, probably the gut flora.


Author(s):  
Е.А. Лялюкова ◽  
Е.Н. Логинова

Пациенты пожилого и старческого возраста в силу физиологических причин и коморбидной патологии имеют высокий риск развития запора. Причиной запора чаще всего являются алиментарные факторы и возраст-ассоциированные заболевания и повреждения толстой кишки (дивертикулярная болезнь, ишемия толстой кишки, ректоцеле, геморрой и другие); метаболические, эндокринные расстройства и неврологические заболевания. Возрастные анатомические, структурные и функциональные изменения пищеварительной системы вносят свой вклад в развитие запоров у пожилых. У пациентов «серебряного возраста» отмечено увеличение длины желудочно-кишечного тракта, прогрессирование атрофических, склеротических изменений слизистой и подслизистой оболочки, снижение количества секреторных клеток, замещение мышечных волокон соединительной тканью и др. Все это способствует замедлению транзита по желудочно-кишечному тракту и нарушению акта дефекации. Образ жизни пожилых людей также может способствовать развитию запора. Низкое содержание в рационе клетчатки, употребление преимущественно термически обработанной пищи, нарушение ритма питания (прием пищи 1-2 раза в день) являются одной из причин возникновения запоров у пожилых, чему способствуют трудности при жевании вследствие стоматологических проблем. Колоноскопия показана всем пациентам пожилого и старческого возраста с запором, а выявление «симптомов тревоги» необходимо проводить при каждом визите пациента. Вне зависимости от причины вторичного запора, все пациенты должны осуществлять ряд мер немедикаментозного характера, включающих изменение образа жизни, диету с включением достаточного количества клетчатки и потребление жидкости. Физические методы лечения могут включать лечебную гимнастику, массаж толстой кишки для стимуляции моторной активности кишечника в определенное время. При неэффективности немедикаментозных мероприятий рекомендуется использование осмотических слабительных, а также средств, увеличивающих объем каловых масс. Высокая эффективность и безопасность псиллиума позволяет рекомендовать его в лечении хронического запора у пожилых пациентов. Elderly and senile patients, due to physiological reasons and comorbid pathology, have a high risk of constipation. The causes of constipation are more often nutritional factors and age-associated diseases and damage to the colon (diverticular disease, colon ischemia, rectocele, hemorrhoids, and others); metabolic, endocrine disorders and neurological diseases. Age-related anatomical, structural and functional changes in the digestive system contribute to the development of constipation in the elderly. In patients of «silver age», there was an increase in the length of the gastrointestinal tract, the progression of atrophic, sclerotic changes in the mucous and submucosa, a decrease in the number of secretory cells, replacement of muscle fibers with connective tissue, etc. All this contributes to the slowing down of transit through the gastrointestinal tract and the violation of the act of defecation. Elderly lifestyles can also contribute to constipation. The low fiber content in the diet, the use of mainly thermally processed food, the violation of the rhythm of the diet (eating 1-2 times a day) are one of the causes of constipation in the elderly, which is facilitated by difficulty in chewing due to dental problems. Colonoscopy is ordered for all elderly and senile patients with constipation, and the identification of «anxiety symptoms» should be carried out at each patient visit. Regardless of the cause of secondary constipation, all patients should take a number of non-pharmacological measures, including lifestyle changes, a diet with adequate fiber, and fluid intake. Physical therapies may include medical gymnastics, colon massage to stimulate bowel movement at specific times. If non-drug measures are ineffective, it is recommended to use osmotic laxatives, as well as agents that increase the volume of feces. Psyllium supplementation is recommended for treatment of chronic constipation in elderly patients due to its high efficacy and safety.


2018 ◽  
Vol 06 (11) ◽  
pp. E1312-E1316 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Eccles ◽  
Aducio Thiesen ◽  
Gurpal Sandha

Abstract Background and study aims Cholangioadenoma is not recognized commonly and is often only diagnosed on surgical specimens. Direct per oral single-operator cholangioscopy (SOC) allows characterization of common bile duct (CBD) lesions through direct visualization and directed forceps biopsies with potential for impacting surgical management decisions. This is a retrospective review of all SOC cases diagnosed with cholangioadenoma. Patient demographics and outcomes were recorded. Three patients (all male), average age 68 years (range 62 – 76 years), were identified to have a cholangioadenoma. The clinical indication for SOC was deranged liver enzymes with a dilated CBD and a CBD abnormality identified on biliary imaging. The site of cholangioadenoma was proximal, mid and distal CBD, respectively. All patients had a successful SOC with targeted biopsy-proven diagnosis. One patient had a synchronous cholangiocarcinoma and underwent palliative stenting whereas the other two patients underwent appropriate curative resection based on cholangioadenoma location. We conclude that SOC is safe and effective for diagnosis of cholangioadenoma and has potential impact on decisions for surgical management.


1991 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Rulli ◽  
M. Muzi ◽  
E. Zanella ◽  
P. Cipriani ◽  
A. Magni ◽  
...  
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