Rattlesnake venom shock in the rat: development of a method

1975 ◽  
Vol 229 (6) ◽  
pp. 1668-1674 ◽  
Author(s):  
RW Carlson ◽  
Schaeffer RC ◽  
H Whigham ◽  
S Michaels ◽  
FE Russell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Volume ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Volume Index ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Physiological Salt Solution ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Crotalus Viridis ◽  
Perfusion Failure ◽  
Red Cell Mass ◽  
Disappearance Curve

A model in Wistar rats (n = 30, 279-345 g) was developed to study circulatory, respiratory, metabolic, and lethal effects of an intravenous infusion (30 min; 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, and 2.0 mg/kg) of rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis helleri) venom. Venom produced perfusion failure with lactacidemia, hemoconcentration, hypoproteinemia, and death. The severity of poisoning was proportional to the quantity of venom given and to the elevation in lactic acid and hematocrit. Hemorrhages in the diaphragm, intercostal muscles, and intestine were observed at necropsy. In a separate test, rats (n = 12, 311-355 g) received an infusion of 1.5 mg/kg of venom or physiological salt solution. Blood volume was measured 30 min after the end of infusion in both groups with radioiodinated (125I) human serum albumin (RIHSA) and 51Cr-labeled rat red cells. Venom produced a significant reduction in total blood volume index (35%, P less than 0.001), plasma volume index (46%, P less than 0.001), and red cell mass indec (22% P less than 0.005). The slope of the RIHSA-disappearance curve of animals that received venom was more than twice that of the control group. We conclude that perfusion failure following rattlesnake envenomation is associated with hypovolemia due to increases in vascular permeabiltiy and hemorrhage.

Circulating blood volumes in pulmonary hypertension associated with erythrocytosis – the effects of therapeutic hemodilution

2003 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 544-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rilvani C. Gonçalves ◽  
Carlos Alberto Buschpigell ◽  
Antonio Augusto Lopes
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Hypertension ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Total Blood Volume ◽  
Eisenmenger Syndrome ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Red Cell Mass ◽  
Blood Volumes

In the Eisenmenger syndrome, indirect estimation of blood volumes may provide quite inaccurate information when seeking to define therapeutic strategies. With this in mind, we analyzed directly the red cell mass, plasma volume, and total blood volume in patients with pulmonary hypertension associated with congenital cardiac defects and erythrocytosis, comparing the results with the respective estimated volumes, and examining the changes induced by therapeutic hemodilution.Thus, we studied 17 patients with the Eisenmenger syndrome, aged from 15 to 53 years, in the basal condition, studying 12 of them both before and after hemodilution. We also investigated five individuals with minimal cardiac lesions, aged from 14 to 42 years, as controls. Red cell mass and plasma volumes were measured using [51 chromium]-sodium chromate and [131iodine]-albumin respectively. Hemodilution was planned so as to exchange 10% of the total blood volume, using 40,000 molecular weight dextran simultaneously to replace the removed volume. The mean values of the red cell mass, plasma volume and total blood volume as assessed by radionuclide techniques were 32%, 31% and 32% higher than the respective volumes as estimated using empirical mathematical formulas (p < 0.002). The measured total blood volume was also 19% higher in the patients compared with controls. Following a period of 5 days after hemodilution, we noted a 13% reduction in red cell mass (p = 0.046), and 10% reduction in total blood volume (p = 0.02), albeit with no changes in the plasma volume.We conclude that direct measurement of blood volumes is useful for proper management of these patients, and provides results that are considerably different from those obtained by empirical estimations.

Blood volume and red cell concentration in the normal chick embryo

1959 ◽  
Vol 197 (2) ◽  
pp. 403-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur E. Barnes ◽  
Wallace N. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Cell Concentration ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Somatic Growth ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Red Cell Mass ◽  
Common Process

A method for the determination of red cell mass, which employs the use of radioisotopically-labeled erythrocytes, in the embryonated hen egg is described and results of total blood volume, plasma volume, red cell mass and red cell concentration determinations during the period from 9 to 18 days of incubation presented. Considerations of the values obtained in terms of absolute quantities and relative to embryonic mass are discussed. It is suggested that expansion of the red cell mass and somatic growth are portions of a common process and may be subject to a complex of similar regulatory factors in the normal chick embryo.

Failure of prolonged exercise training to increase red cell mass in humans

1996 ◽  
Vol 270 (1) ◽  
pp. H121-H126 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. Shoemaker ◽  
H. J. Green ◽  
J. Coates ◽  
M. Ali ◽  
S. Grant
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Prolonged Exercise ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Mean Cell Volume ◽  
Red Cell Mass ◽  
Mean Cell Hemoglobin

The purpose of this study was to investigate the time-dependent effects of long-term prolonged exercise training on vascular volumes and hematological status. Training using seven untrained males [age 21.1 +/- 1.4 (SE) yr] initially consisted of cycling at 68% of peak aerobic power (VO2peak) for 2 h/day, 4-5 days/wk, for 11 wk. Absolute training intensity was increased every 3 wk. Red cell mass (RCM), obtained using 51Cr, was unchanged (P > 0.05) with training (2,142 +/- 95, 2,168 +/- 86, 2,003 +/- 112, and 2,080 +/- 116 ml at 0, 3, 6, and 11 wk, respectively) as were serum erythropoietin levels (17.1 +/- 4.3, 13.9 +/- 3.5, and 17.0 +/- 2.0 U/l at 0, 6, and 11 wk, respectively). Plasma volume measured with 125I-labeled albumin and total blood volume (TBV) were also not significantly altered. The increase in mean cell volume that occurred with training (89.7 +/- 0.95 vs. 91.0 +/- 1.0 fl, 0 vs. 6 wk, P < 0.05) was not accompanied by changes in either mean cell hemoglobin or mean cell hemoglobin concentration. Serum ferritin was reduced 73% with training (67.4 +/- 13 to 17.9 +/- 1 microgram/l, 0 vs. 11 wk, P < 0.05). Total hemoglobin (HbTot) calculated as the product of hemoglobin concentration and TBV was unaltered (P > 0.05) at both 6 and 11 wk of training. The 15% increase in VO2peak (3.39 +/- 0.16 to 3.87 +/- 0.14 l/min, 0 vs. 11 wk, P < 0.05) with training occurred despite a failure of training to change TBV, RCM, or HbTot.

Heterogeneity of gut capillary transit times and impaired gut oxygen extraction in endotoxemic pigs

1996 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 895-904 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Humer ◽  
P. T. Phang ◽  
B. P. Friesen ◽  
M. F. Allard ◽  
C. M. Goddard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Volume ◽  
Transit Time ◽  
Volume Flow ◽  
Oxygen Extraction ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Total Blood Volume ◽  
Oxygen Extraction Ratio ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Transit Times ◽  
Critical Oxygen

We tested the hypothesis that endotoxin increases the heterogeneity of gut capillary transit times and impairs oxygen extraction. The gut critical oxygen extraction ratio was determined by measuring multiple oxygen delivery-consumption points during progressive phlebotomy in eight control and eight endotoxin-infused anesthetized pigs. In multiple 1- to 2-g samples of small bowel, we measured blood volume (radiolabeled red blood cells) and flow (radiolabeled 15-microns microspheres) before and after critical oxygen extraction. Red blood cell transit time (= volume/flow) multiplied by morphologically determined capillary/total blood volume gave capillary transit time. During hemorrhage, capillary/total blood volume did not change in the endotoxin group (0.5 +/- 4.5%) but increased in the control group (17.6 +/- 2.5%; P < 0.05) due to a decrease in total gut blood volume. Flow decreased significantly in the endotoxin group (36 +/- 10%; P < 0.05) but not in the control group (12 +/- 10%). Capillary transit-time heterogeneity increased in the endotoxin group (12.3 +/- 4.9%) compared with the control group (-5.8 +/- 7.4%; P < 0.05), predicting a critical oxygen extraction ratio 0.14 lower in the endotoxin group than in the control group (K. R. Walley. J. Appl. Physiol. 81: 885–894, 1996). This matches the measured difference (endotoxin group, 0.60 +/- 0.04; control group, 0.74 +/- 0.03; P < 0.05). Increased heterogeneity of capillary transit times may be an important cause of impaired oxygen extraction.

Polycythemia in rats following restricted food intake

1964 ◽  
Vol 206 (4) ◽  
pp. 762-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert Wohl ◽  
Clarence Merskey
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Diet Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Restricted Diet ◽  
Red Cell Mass ◽  
Normal Chow ◽  
Unit Body Weight

Rats were divided into two groups such that mean weight and hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were not significantly different. One group (controls) was then fed a normal chow ad libitum. The other group was fed 6 g daily (30% of normal intake) for 2 weeks. The hemoglobin levels of rats fed the restricted diet rose 1.4–3.5 g/100 ml and hematocrit level rose 2–6%. At the end of 2 weeks total red cell mass (Cr51) was 5.5–6.0 ml in the underfed groups compared with 6.8 ml in the control group. Body weight fell proportionally more than did red cell mass, elevating the calculated red cell mass per unit body weight. Serum osmolality and K+ were not significantly different from control values, and there was a slightly higher serum Na+ and Cl– in the restricted diet group. It is concluded that restriction of food intake produced a relative polycythemia. At the end of 2 weeks of restriction an isosmotic reduction in plasma volume was present.

Blood distribution during cardiac arrest induced by hypothermia

1961 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 538-540
Author(s):  
Paul W. Willard ◽  
Steven M. Horvath
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Red Cell Mass ◽  
Blood Redistribution ◽  
Blood Volumes

Blood volumes with simultaneous blood- and red cell-distribution measurements were determined by the Cr51 technique in four groups of rats. In splenectomized and nonsplenectomized animals, blood volume of the whole body, lung, spleen, liver, kidney, heart, diaphragm, and gastrocnemius muscle was measured in both the control rats (body temperature 37 C) and in rats with hypothermically induced cardiac arrest (body temperature 8–9 C). Splenectomy caused alterations in some visceral blood volumes without concurrent changes in red cell mass. With cardiac arrest increased quantities of blood and red cell mass were observed in the lung, liver, and gastrocnemius in both splenectomized and nonsplenectomized groups. In the nonsplenectomized animals an increase of over 100 % in spleen blood volume was observed. When the two hypothermic groups were compared, differences existed only in blood volume of the lung, heart, and kidney. Hypothermia induced a pattern of blood redistribution toward visceral areas of the body. Submitted on October 14, 1960

scholarly journals Relative Effectiveness of Phenylhydrazine Treatment and Hemorrhage in the Production of an Erythropoietic Factor

Blood ◽  
1956 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 937-945 ◽  
Author(s):  
ELLY M. JACOBSEN ◽  
A. K. DAVIS ◽  
EDWARD L. ALPEN
Keyword(s):  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Red Cell Mass ◽  
Lower Oxygen ◽  
Red Blood Cell Count ◽  
Plasma Extract ◽  
Oxygen Carrying Capacity ◽  
Blood Pigment

Abstract Active plasma extract has been prepared from rabbits made anemic by phenylhydrazine treatment, but in every case where rabbits were made equally anemic by bleeding the only peripheral evidence of erythropoietic activity found after injection of plasma filtrate was the inducement of a moderate reticulocytosis in a heterologous recipient. In rabbits bled on successive days until their hematocrits were equal to paired animals made anemic by phenylhydrazine injection, there is, nevertheless, a lower oxygen carrying capacity in the phenylhydrazine injected animals. The latter have methemoglobin concenstrations amounting to approximately 24 per cent of the total blood pigment while in the bled rabbits the methemoglobin level is practically zero. Plasma extracts from phenylhydrazine treated rabbits with apparently normal or very slightly damaged livers produce factor comparable in potency to that obtained from bled animals. The most highly active preparations are obtained in phenylhydrazine treated rabbits which have severely damaged livers. The proposed hypothesis is that the factor is produced in quantity only when the effective hematocrit is below 12 to 15 per cent and when the liver is not capable of rapid active destruction of the factor or is not producing an otherwise normally occurring inhibitor. The factor obtained from phenylhydrazine treated rabbits with liver damage is markedly active as shown by significant increase in blood volume and red cell mass, an elevated red blood cell count and hematocrit, and an intense reticulocytosis.

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