Polysaccharidic material in chloride cell of teleostean gill: modifications according to salinity

1980 ◽  
Vol 238 (3) ◽  
pp. R213-R218
Author(s):  
M. Pisam ◽  
C. Sardet ◽  
J. Maetz
Keyword(s):  
Chromic Acid ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Chloride Cell ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Apical Region ◽  
Gill Epithelium ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Cell Coat ◽  
Hydromineral Regulation

The gill epithelium is known to be implicated in the hydromineral regulation of teleosts, especially owing to its “chloride cells.” We have examined the polysaccharides of chloride cells from euryhaline teleosts adapted to fresh- or saltwater. The use of periodic acid-chromic acid-silver methenamine, colloidal thorium, or radioautography after incorporation of [3H]glucosamine has shown that chloride cells are characterized by a high concentration of polysaccharides in their apical region (at the level of the vesiculotubular system) and by a special polysaccharidic cell coat. The polysaccharide molecules originate from the Golgi area; by 12 h they accumulate within the vesiculotubular system and are released in the apical cavity of the cell within 24 h. In fresh- and saltwater-adapted fish, the localization of polysaccharidic material in chloride cells is basically the same. However, in saltwater-adapted fish, the amount and turnover of the polysaccharide molecules are clearly increased.

Responses of Isonychia bicolor to Alkaline pH: An Evaluation of Survival, Oxygen Consumption, and Chloride Cell Ultrastructure

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 1088-1095 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory T. Peters ◽  
Donald S. Cherry ◽  
John Cairns Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Porous Plate ◽  
Cell Ultrastructure ◽  
Chloride Cell ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Apical Region ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Alkaline Ph ◽  
Cell Complexes ◽  
Isonychia Bicolor

The toxicity of alkaline pH to the mayfly, Isonychia bicolor, was evaluated in field and laboratory artificial stream bioassays, respiration analyses, and transmission electron microscope studies of chloride cell ultrastructure. In continuous-exposure, 96-h bioassays, field and laboratory LC50 values ranged from pH 9.54 to 10.37, respectively. While intermittent pH bioassays involving 8- or 4-h exposures per day failed to reduce alkaline pH toxicity, 1-h intermittent exposures were less toxic (P < 0.05) than continuous exposures. Acute (4-h) exposures to lethal (pH 11.0) and sublethal (pH 10.0) levels caused reductions (P < 0.05) in oxygen consumption relative to that at pH 8.0. Oxygen consumption at pH 11.0 was greater (P < 0.05) than that at pH 10.0. Coniform chloride cells continuously exposed to pH 11.0 for 96 h accumulated fluid near the porous plate, and these fluid accumulations displaced cytoplasm from the apical region of the cell complexes. Chloride cells intermittently exposed to pH 11.0 (1 h per day for 96 h) appeared similar to those continuously exposed to pH 11.0, indicating that the damaging effects of 1-h exposures exceeded the rehabilitory effects of daily, 23-h recovery periods. Structural recovery (95%) occurred within 8 d following the cessation of intermittent exposure to pH 11.0.

Isolation of viable cell types from the gill epithelium of Japanese eel Anguilla japonica

1999 ◽  
Vol 276 (2) ◽  
pp. R363-R372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris K. C. Wong ◽  
D. K. O. Chan
Keyword(s):  
Succinate Dehydrogenase ◽  
High Purity ◽  
Viable Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Chloride Cell ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Gill Epithelium ◽  
Isolated Cells ◽  
Pavement Cell ◽  
Pavement Cells

High-purity viable cells with low mitochondria (pavement cells) and mitochondria-rich content (chloride cells) were successfully isolated from the gill epithelium of Japanese eels, using three-step Percoll gradient low-speed centrifugation. Cytochemistry (silver staining for chloride, rhodamine-123, and Mitotracker for mitochondria and actin/spectrin immunofluorescence) and scanning electron microscope images were used to identify the cell types in the gill epithelium of the eel. Pavement cells were isolated at 97 and 98% purity for freshwater- and seawater-adapted eels, respectively, and chloride cells were obtained at 89 and 92% purity. The enzymatic activities of the isolated cells were determined. Na+-K+-ATPase, Mg2+-ATPase, and succinate dehydrogenase were found mainly in the chloride cell. Alkaline Ca2+-ATPase and low- and high-affinity Ca2+-ATPase were about twice as high in the chloride cell compared with the pavement cell. Transfer of eels to seawater resulted in enlargement of chloride cell sizes and significant increases in Na+-K+-ATPase, Mg2+-ATPase, and succinate dehydrogenase activities, while all Ca2+-ATPases declined by ∼60–80%. This is the first report demonstrating the successful isolation of freshwater chloride cells and also an exclusive method of getting high-purity seawater chloride cells. The isolated cells are viable and suitable for further cytological and molecular studies to elucidate the mechanisms of ionic transport.

scholarly journals DETECTION OF COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES IN THE GOLGI APPARATUS OF RAT CELLS

1969 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 395-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Rambourg ◽  
W. Hernandez ◽  
C. P. Leblond
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Chromic Acid ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
The Other ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Cell Coat ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff

Two methods used for the electron microscopic detection of glycoproteins were applied to a variety of cell types in the rat; one involved successive treatment of sections with periodic acid, chromic acid, and silver methenamine; and the other, a brief treatment with a chromic acid-phosphotungstic acid mixture. The results obtained with the two methods were identical and, whenever the comparison was possible, similar to those obtained with the periodic acid-Schiff technique of light microscopy. In secretory as well as in nonsecretory cells, parts of the Golgi apparatus are stained. The last saccule on one side of each Golgi stack is strongly reactive (mature face), and the last saccule on the other side shows little or no reactivity (immature face); a gradient of reactivity occurs in between these saccules. The more likely explanation of the increase in staining intensity is that carbohydrate is synthesized and accumulates in saccules as they migrate toward the mature face. In many secretory cells, the mature face is associated with strongly stained secretory granules. Other structures stained are: (1) small vesicles, dense and multivesicular bodies, at least some of which are presumed to be lysosomal in nature; (2) cell coat; and (3) basement membrane. The evidence suggests that the Golgi saccules provide glycoproteins not only for secretion, but also for the needs of the lysosomal system as well as for incorporation into the cell coat and perhaps basement membrane.

Demonstration of Retinal Glycogen with Silver Methenamine

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 564-565
Author(s):  
A. W. Sedar ◽  
G. H. Bresnick
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Chromic Acid ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Müller Cell ◽  
External Limiting Membrane ◽  
Electron Microscope Level ◽  
Reactive Process ◽  
Inner Limiting Membrane ◽  
Muller Cell ◽  
And Migration

After experimetnal damage to the retina with a variety of procedures Müller cell hypertrophy and migration occurs. According to Kuwabara and others the reactive process in these injuries is evidenced by a marked increase in amount of glycogen in the Müller cells. These cells were considered originally supporting elements with fiber processes extending throughout the retina from inner limiting membrane to external limiting membrane, but are known now to have high lactic acid dehydrogenase activity and the ability to synthesize glycogen. Since the periodic acid-chromic acid-silver methenamine technique was shown to demonstrate glycogen at the electron microscope level, it was selected to react with glycogen in the fine processes of the Müller cell that ramify among the neural elements in various layers of the retina and demarcate these cells cytologically. The Rhesus monkey was chosen as an example of a well vascularized retina and the rabbit as an example of a avascular retina to explore the possibilities of the technique.

scholarly journals The surface epithelium of teleostean fish gills. Cellular and junctional adaptations of the chloride cell in relation to salt adaptation.

1979 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Sardet ◽  
M Pisam ◽  
J Maetz
Keyword(s):  
Salt Water ◽  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Chloride Cell ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Surface Epithelium ◽  
Salt Adaptation ◽  
Resistance Pathway ◽  
Shallow Junctions ◽  
Respiratory Cells

Various species of teleostean fishes were adapted to fresh or salt water and their gill surface epithelium was examined using several techniques of electron microscopy. In both fresh and salt water the branchial epithelium is mostly covered by flat respiratory cells. They are characterized by unusual outer membrane fracture faces containing intramembranous particles and pits in various stages of ordered aggregation. Freeze fracture studies showed that the tight junctions between respiratory cells are made of several interconnecting strands, probably representing high resistance junctions. The organization of intramembranous elements and the morphological characteristics of the junctions do not vary in relation to the external salinity. Towards the base of the secondary gill lamellae, the layer of respiratory cells is interrupted by mitochondria-rich cells ("chloride cells"), also linked to respiratory cells by multistranded junctions. There is a fundamental reorganization of the chloride cells associated with salt water adaptation. In salt water young adjacent chloride cells send interdigitations into preexisting chloride cells. The apex of the seawater chloride cell is therefore part of a mosaic of sister cells linked to surrounding respiratory cells by multistranded junctions. The chloride cells are linked to each other by shallow junctions made of only one strand and permeable to lanthanum. It is therefore suggested that salt water adaptation triggers a cellular reorganization of the epithelium in such a way that leaky junctions (a low resistance pathway) appear at the apex of the chloride cells. Chloride cells are characterized by an extensive tubular reticulum which is an extension of the basolateral plasma membrane. It is made of repeating units and is the site of numerous ion pumps. The presence of shallow junctions in sea water-adapted fish makes it possible for the reticulum to contact the external milieu. In contrast in the freshwater-adapted fish the chloride cell's tubular reticulum is separated by deep apical junctions from the external environment. Based on these observations we discuss how solutes could transfer across the epithelium.

Pendrin immunoreactivity in the gill epithelium of a euryhaline elasmobranch

2002 ◽  
Vol 283 (4) ◽  
pp. R983-R992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter M. Piermarini ◽  
Jill W. Verlander ◽  
Ines E. Royaux ◽  
David H. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Collecting Duct ◽  
Apical Region ◽  
Intercalated Cells ◽  
Cortical Collecting Duct ◽  
Gill Epithelium ◽  
Dasyatis Sabina ◽  
Proton Atpase ◽  
Atlantic Stingray ◽  
Freshwater Stingray ◽  
Gill Lamellae

Pendrin is an anion exchanger in the cortical collecting duct of the mammalian nephron that appears to mediate apical Cl−/HCO[Formula: see text]exchange in bicarbonate-secreting intercalated cells. The goals of this study were to determine 1) if pendrin immunoreactivity was present in the gills of a euryhaline elasmobranch (Atlantic stingray, Dasyatis sabina), and 2) if branchial pendrin immunoreactivity was influenced by environmental salinity. Immunoblots detected pendrin immunoreactivity in Atlantic stingray gills; pendrin immunoreactivity was greatest in freshwater stingrays compared with freshwater stingrays acclimated to seawater (seawater acclimated) and marine stingrays. Using immunohistochemistry, pendrin-positive cells were detected on both gill lamellae and interlamellar regions of freshwater stingrays but were more restricted to interlamellar regions in seawater-acclimated and marine stingray gills. Pendrin immunolabeling in freshwater stingray gills was more apical, discrete, and intense compared with seawater-acclimated and marine stingrays. Regardless of salinity, pendrin immunoreactivity occurred on the apical region of cells rich with basolateral vacuolar-proton-ATPase, and not in Na+-K+-ATPase-rich cells. We suggest that a pendrin-like transporter may contribute to apical Cl−/HCO[Formula: see text] exchange in gills of Atlantic stingrays from both freshwater and marine environments.

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