Effects of repeated restraint stress on gastric motility in rats

2009 ◽  
Vol 296 (5) ◽  
pp. R1358-R1365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Zheng ◽  
Anthony Dobner ◽  
Reji Babygirija ◽  
Kirk Ludwig ◽  
Toku Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Gastric Motility ◽  
Restraint Stress ◽  
Delayed Gastric Emptying ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Plasma Corticosterone ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Adaptation Mechanism ◽  
Upper Gastrointestinal

In our daily life, individuals encounter with various types of stress. Accumulation of daily life stress (chronic stress) often causes gastrointestinal symptoms and functional gastrointestinal diseases. Although some can adapt toward chronic stress, the adaptation mechanism against chronic stress remains unknown. Although acute stress delays gastric emptying and alters upper gastrointestinal motility, effects of chronic stress on gastric motility still remain unclear. We investigated the effects of acute (single stress) and chronic (repeated stress for 5 consecutive days) stress on solid gastric emptying and interdigestive gastroduodenal contractions in rats. It is well established that acute restraint stress inhibits solid gastric emptying via central corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF). To investigate whether the sensitivity to CRF is altered following chronic stress, CRF was administered intracisternally. Ghrelin is involved in regulating gastric emptying and upper gastrointestinal motility in rodents. The changes in plasma active ghrelin levels and mRNA expression in the stomach were studied following chronic stress. To evaluate the effects of chronic stress on the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, plasma corticosterone levels were also measured. Delayed gastric emptying observed in acute stress was completely restored following chronic stress. Acute stress abolished gastric phase III-like contractions, without affecting duodenal phase III-like contractions in the interdigestive state. Impaired gastric phase III-like contractions were also restored following chronic stress. Plasma ghrelin levels and ghrelin mRNA expression were increased significantly after chronic stress. Intracisternal injection of CRF delayed gastric emptying and impaired gastric motility in rats who received chronic stress. Plasma corticosterone concentrations were no more elevated following chronic stress. The restored gastric emptying following chronic stress was antagonized by the administration of ghrelin receptor antagonists. The adaptation mechanism may involve upregulation of ghrelin expression and attenuation of the HPA axis. In contrast, the sensitivity to central CRF remained unaltered following chronic stress in rats.

scholarly journals Hypothalamic oxytocin mediates adaptation mechanism against chronic stress in rats

2010 ◽  
Vol 299 (4) ◽  
pp. G946-G953 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Zheng ◽  
Reji Babygirija ◽  
Mehmet Bülbül ◽  
Diana Cerjak ◽  
Kirk Ludwig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Life Stress ◽  
Restraint Stress ◽  
Delayed Gastric Emptying ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Adaptation Mechanism ◽  
Repeated Restraint Stress ◽  
Oxytocinergic Neurons

Accumulation of continuous life stress (chronic stress) often causes gastric symptoms. Although central oxytocin has antistress effects, the role of central oxytocin in stress-induced gastric dysmotility remains unknown. Solid gastric emptying was measured in rats receiving acute restraint stress, 5 consecutive days of repeated restraint stress (chronic homotypic stress), and 7 consecutive days of varying types of stress (chronic heterotypic stress). Oxytocin and oxytocin receptor antagonist were administered intracerebroventricularly (icv). Expression of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) mRNA and oxytocin mRNA in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus was evaluated by real-time RT-PCR. The changes of oxytocinergic neurons in the PVN were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Acute stress delayed gastric emptying, and the delayed gastric emptying was completely restored after 5 consecutive days of chronic homotypic stress. In contrast, delayed gastric emptying persisted following chronic heterotypic stress. The restored gastric emptying following chronic homotypic stress was antagonized by icv injection of an oxytocin antagonist. Icv injection of oxytocin restored delayed gastric emptying induced by chronic heterotypic stress. CRF mRNA expression, which was significantly increased in response to acute stress and chronic heterotypic stress, returned to the basal levels following chronic homotypic stress. In contrast, oxytocin mRNA expression was significantly increased following chronic homotypic stress. The number of oxytocin-immunoreactive cells was increased following chronic homotypic stress at the magnocellular part of the PVN. Icv injection of oxytocin reduced CRF mRNA expression induced by acute stress and chronic heterotypic stress. It is suggested that the adaptation mechanism to chronic stress may involve the upregulation of oxytocin expression in the hypothalamus, which in turn attenuates CRF expression.

scholarly journals Central oxytocin is involved in restoring impaired gastric motility following chronic repeated stress in mice

2010 ◽  
Vol 298 (1) ◽  
pp. R157-R165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reji Babygirija ◽  
Jun Zheng ◽  
Kirk Ludwig ◽  
Toku Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Gastric Motility ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Stressful Events ◽  
Intracerebroventricular Injection ◽  
Adaptation Mechanism ◽  
Repeated Stress ◽  
Acute And Chronic Stress

Accumulation of continuous life stress (chronic stress) often causes gastric symptoms. The development of gastric symptoms may depend on how humans adapt to the stressful events in their daily lives. Although acute stress delays gastric emptying and alters upper gastrointestinal motility in rodents, the effects of chronic stress on gastric motility and its adaptation mechanism remains unclear. Central oxytocin has been shown to have antistress effects. We studied whether central oxytocin is involved in mediating the adaptation mechanism following chronic repeated stress. Mice were loaded with acute and chronic stress (repeated stress for five consecutive days), and solid gastric emptying and postprandial gastric motility were compared between acute and chronic repeated stress. Expression of oxytocin and CRF mRNA in the hypothalamus was studied following acute and chronic repeated stress. Delayed gastric emptying during acute stress (43.1 ± 7.8%; n = 6, P < 0.05) was completely restored to normal levels (72.1 ± 2.4%; n = 6) following chronic repeated stress. Impaired gastric motility induced by acute stress was also restored following chronic repeated stress. Intracerebroventricular injection of oxytocin (0.1 and 0.5 μg) restored the impaired gastric emptying and motility induced by acute stress. The restored gastric emptying and motility following chronic repeated stress were antagonized by intracerebroventricular injection of oxytocin antagonists. Oxytocin mRNA expression in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus was significantly increased following chronic repeated stress. In contrast, increased CRF mRNA expression in the SON and PVN in response to acute stress was significantly reduced following chronic repeated stress. Our study suggests the novel finding that the upregulation of central oxytocin expression is involved in mediating the adaptation mechanism following chronic repeated stress in mice.

Restraint stress augments postprandial gastric contractions but impairs antropyloric coordination in conscious rats

2006 ◽  
Vol 290 (3) ◽  
pp. R616-R624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukiomi Nakade ◽  
Daisuke Tsuchida ◽  
Hiroyuki Fukuda ◽  
Masahiro Iwa ◽  
Theodore N. Pappas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Gastric Motility ◽  
Restraint Stress ◽  
Delayed Gastric Emptying ◽  
Corticotropin Releasing Factor ◽  
Conscious Rats ◽  
Cholinergic Pathway ◽  
Intracisternal Injection ◽  
Gastric Contractions

Central corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) plays an important role in mediating restraint stress-induced delayed gastric emptying. However, it is unclear how restraint stress modulates gastric motility to delay gastric emptying. Inasmuch as solid gastric emptying is regulated via antropyloric coordination, we hypothesized that restraint stress impairs antropyloric coordination, resulting in delayed solid gastric emptying in conscious rats. Two strain gauge transducers were sutured onto the serosal surface of the antrum and pylorus, and postprandial gastric motility was monitored before, during, and after restraint stress. Antropyloric coordination, defined as a propagated single contraction from the antrum to the pylorus within 10 s, was followed by ≥20 s of quiescence. Restraint stress enhanced postprandial gastric motility in the antrum and pylorus to 140 ± 9% and 134 ± 9% of basal, respectively ( n = 6). The number of episodes of antropyloric coordination before restraint stress, 2.4 ± 0.4/10 min, was significantly reduced to 0.6 ± 0.3/10 min by restraint stress. Intracisternal injection of the CRF type 2 receptor antagonist astressin 2B (60 μg) or guanethidine partially restored restraint stress-induced impairment of antropyloric coordination (1.6 ± 0.3/10 min, n = 6). The restraint stress-induced augmentation of antral and pyloric contractions was increased by astressin 2B and guanethidine but abolished by atropine, hexamethonium, and vagotomy. Restraint stress enhanced postprandial gastric motility via a vagal cholinergic pathway. Restraint stress-induced delay of solid gastric emptying is due to impairment of antropyloric coordination. Restraint stress-induced impairment of antropyloric coordination might be mediated via a central CRF pathway.

scholarly journals Effect of gastric acid suppressants on human gastric motility

Gut ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
H P Parkman ◽  
J-L C Urbain ◽  
L C Knight ◽  
K L Brown ◽  
D M Trate ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Gastric Acid ◽  
Gastric Motility ◽  
Delayed Gastric Emptying ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Motility Index ◽  
Intravenous Saline ◽  
Antroduodenal Manometry ◽  
Therapeutic Doses

Background—The effect of histamine H2receptor antagonists on gastric emptying is controversial.Aims—To determine the effects of ranitidine, famotidine, and omeprazole on gastric motility and emptying.Patients and methods—Fifteen normal subjects underwent simultaneous antroduodenal manometry, electrogastrography (EGG), and gastric emptying with dynamic antral scintigraphy (DAS). After 30 minutes of fasting manometry and EGG recording, subjects received either intravenous saline, ranitidine, or famotidine, followed by another 30 minutes recording and then three hours of postprandial recording after ingestion of a radiolabelled meal. Images were obtained every 10–15 minutes for three hours to measure gastric emptying and assess antral contractility. Similar testing was performed after omeprazole 20 mg daily for one week.Results—Fasting antral phase III migrating motor complexes (MMCs) were more common after ranitidine (9/15 subjects, 60%), famotidine (12/15, 80%), and omeprazole (8/12, 67%) compared with placebo (4/14, 29%; p<0.05). Postprandially, ranitidine, famotidine, and omeprazole slowed gastric emptying, increased the amplitude of DAS contractions, increased the EGG power, and increased the antral manometric motility index.Conclusions—Suppression of gastric acid secretion with therapeutic doses of gastric acid suppressants is associated with delayed gastric emptying but increased antral motility.

scholarly journals Electrogastrography in Delayed Gastric Emptying

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 181
Author(s):  
Badriul Hegar ◽  
Yvan Vandenplas
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Gastric Motility ◽  
Delayed Gastric Emptying ◽  
Myoelectric Activity ◽  
Gastric Emptying Rate ◽  
Gastric Myoelectric Activity ◽  
Enteric Nerves ◽  
Gastric Muscle ◽  
Abnormal Rate ◽  
Smooth Muscle Contractions

Disorders of gastric motility are generally manifested by an abnormal rate of gastric emptying. The emptying process of the stomach is very complex, and knowledge is limited to the observation that gastric emptying rate is a highly variable phenomenon, and that delayed gastric emptying is frequently the case. The advances in the knowledge of the physiology of gastric muscle and enteric nerves, and the recognition of the patterns of organization of smooth muscle contractions gave a new input to the study of gastric motility. The gastric emptying can be monitored in various ways, such as manometry, scintigraphy, or electrogastrography (EGG). Recently, EGG has received more attention. There is correlation between the EGG signal obtained from body surface electrodes and signals obtained directly from electrodes locates in the gastric muscle (serosal records). Some studies showed an association between EGG-findings and gastric motility disorders, and indicate that EGG is a reliable, non-invasive, useful method to detect gastric myoelectric activity.

T1383 Acotiamide Hydrochloride (Z-338), a Novel Gastroprokinetic Agent, Restores Delayed Gastric Emptying and Feeding Inhibition Induced By Restraint Stress in Rats

2008 ◽  
Vol 134 (4) ◽  
pp. A-543
Author(s):  
Koichi Seto ◽  
Takahiro Sasaki ◽  
Kokichi Katsunuma ◽  
Nobuyoshi Kobayashi ◽  
Koichiro Tanaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Restraint Stress ◽  
Delayed Gastric Emptying ◽  
Feeding Inhibition

Electroacupuncture Improves Imbalance of Autonomic Function under Restraint Stress in Conscious Rats

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (01) ◽  
pp. 45-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenji Imai ◽  
Hajime Ariga ◽  
Toku Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Sympathetic Activity ◽  
Restraint Stress ◽  
Delayed Gastric Emptying ◽  
Nervous Activity ◽  
Parasympathetic Activity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Acupuncture Points ◽  
Autonomic Nervous

Acupuncture may modulate the imbalance of the autonomic nervous system. It is well known that restraint stress delays gastric emptying via inhibiting parasympathetic activity and/or stimulating sympathetic activity in rats. We have previously shown that electroacupuncture (EA) improves delayed gastric emptying induced by restraint stress in rats. To investigate whether the beneficial effect of EA on delayed gastric emptying is associated with its modulatory effects on autonomic nervous activity, we utilized spectral analysis of heart rate variability (HRV). In rats, the power in the low frequency (LF; 0.04–1.0 Hz) and high frequency (HF; 1.0–3 Hz) band of HRV represent sympathetic and parasympathetic activities, respectively. Electrocardiography (ECG)-electrodes were implanted on the subcutaneous tissues of the back. One week after the surgery, ECG was recorded before, during and after the restraint stress loading in a conscious state. EA (10 Hz) was applied at bilateral acupuncture points [ST-36 (lower leg) or BL-21 (back)] during restraint stress loading. In response to restraint stress, heart rate and LF component were increased, suggesting the increased activity of sympathetic tone. EA at ST-36 significantly reduced the elevated heart rate and LF, compared to that of control group. EA at ST-36 also significantly increased HF component after finishing the stress loading. In contrast, EA at BL-21 had no significant effect on the heart rate, LF and HF. It is suggested that EA at ST-36 stimulates parasympathetic activity and inhibits sympathetic activity under the restraint stress in rats.

scholarly journals Chronic Restraint Stress Induces an Isoform-Specific Regulation on the Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule in the Hippocampus

2002 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 147-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Touyarot ◽  
C. Sandi
Keyword(s):  
Cell Adhesion ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Adhesion Molecule ◽  
Restraint Stress ◽  
Cell Adhesion Molecule ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule ◽  
Plasma Corticosterone ◽  
Neural Cell ◽  
Neural Cell Adhesion

Existing evidence indicates that 21-days exposure of rats to restraint stress induces dendritic atrophy in pyramidal cells of the hippocampus. This phenomenon has been related to altered performance in hippocampal-dependent learning tasks. Prior studies have shown that hippocampal expression of cell adhesion molecules is modified by such stress treatment, with the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) decreasing and L1 increasing, their expression, at both the mRNA and protein levels. Given that NCAM comprises several isoforms, we investigated here whether chronic stress might differentially affect the expression of the three major isoforms (NCAM-120, NCAM-140, NCAM-180) in the hippocampus. In addition, as glucocorticoids have been implicated in the deleterious effects induced by chronic stress, we also evaluated plasma corticosterone levels and the hippocampal expression of the corticosteroid mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR). The results showed that the protein concentration of the NCAM-140 isoform decreased in the hippoampus of stressed rats. This effect was isoform-specific, because NCAM-120 and NCAM-180 levels were not significantly modified. In addition, whereas basal levels of plasma corticosterone tended to be increased, MR and GR concentrations were not significantly altered. Although possible changes in NCAM-120, NCAM-180 and corticosteroid receptors at earlier time points of the stress period cannot be ignored; this study suggests that a down-regulation of NCAM-140 might be implicated in the structural alterations consistently shown to be induced in the hippocampus by chronic stress exposure. As NCAM-140 is involved in cell-cell adhesion and neurite outgrowth, these findings suggest that this molecule might be one of the molecular mechanisms involved in the complex interactions among neurodegeneration-related events.

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