Changes in acid-base balance of chick embryos exposed to a He or SF6 atmosphere

1981 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 819-823 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Tazawa ◽  
J. Piiper ◽  
A. Ar ◽  
H. Rahn
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Respiratory Acidosis ◽  
Respiratory Alkalosis ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Ph Changes ◽  
Base Balance

On day 16 of the chick embryo, a catheter was implanted in the allantoic vein carrying arterialized blood, and a syringe was attached to the blunt end of the shell connecting to the air cell. This technique allowed for repetitive sampling and analysis of air cell gas and arterialized blood when these eggs were exposed to a He-O2 or SF6-O2 atmosphere. Exposure to He-O2 reduced the arterial CO2 tension(PaCO2) from 36 to 17 Torr and increased pH by 0.17 units; exposure to SF6-O2 increased PaCO2 from 37 to 62 Torr and reduced the pH by 0.14 units. These responses were brought about by changes in the gas conductance of the shell, resulting in a diffusive hypocapnia and respiratory alkalosis in He-O2 and a diffusive hypercapnia and respiratory acidosis in SF6-O2. During a 4-h exposure to these foreign gases the observed pH changes were smaller than predicted because of marked shifts of HCO3- into the blood (SF6-O2) or out of the blood (He-O2).

Practical Evaluation of Acid-Base Balance

1957 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 631-637
Author(s):  
Herbert P Jacobi ◽  
Anthony J Barak ◽  
Meyer Beber
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Acidosis ◽  
Respiratory Alkalosis ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Bicarbonate Concentration ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Plasma Bicarbonate ◽  
Practical Evaluation ◽  
Base Balance

Abstract The Co2 combining power bears a variable relationship to the in vivo plasma bicarbonate concentration, depending upon the type and severity of acid-base distortion. In respiratory alkalosis and metabolic acidosis the Co2 combining power will usually be greater than the in vivo plasma bicarbonate concentration; whereas, in respiratory acidosis and metabolic alkalosis the Co2 combining power will usually be less. Co2 content, on the other hand, will always parallel the in vivo plasma bicarbonate concentration quite closely, being only slightly greater. These facts, together with other considerations which are discussed, recommend the abandonment of the determination of CO2 combining power.

Evidence of active regulation of cerebrospinal fluid acid-base balance

1981 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 369-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. W. Bledsoe ◽  
D. Y. Eng ◽  
T. F. Hornbein
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Electrical Potential ◽  
Respiratory Acidosis ◽  
Respiratory Alkalosis ◽  
Electrical Potential Difference ◽  
Passive Transport ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Transport Control ◽  
Base Balance

To test the passive transport hypothesis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) [H+] regulation, we altered the relationship between plasma [H+] and the electrical potential difference between CSF and blood (PD) by elevating plasma [K+] during 6-h systemic acid-base disturbances. In five groups of pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs, we increased plasma [K+] from 3.5 to an average of 7.8 meq/l. Hyperkalemia produced an increase in the PD of 6.3 mV by 6 h with normal plasma acid-base status (pHa 7.4), of 8.3 mV with isocapnic metabolic acidosis (pHa 7.2), of 5.3 mV with isocapnic metabolic alkalosis (pHa 7.6), of 9.2 mV with isobicarbonate respiratory acidosis (PaCO2 61 Torr) and of 5.7 mV with isobicarbonate respiratory alkalosis (PaCO2 25 Torr). The change in CSF [H+] at 6 h in each group was the same as that observed in normokalemic animals (Am. J. Physiol. 228: 1134-1154, 1975). This result is not consistent with the passive transport hypothesis. The CSF-blood PD is therefore not an important determinant of CSF [H+] CSF [H+] homeostasis must result from some form of active transport control.

Acid-base balance and plasma composition in the aestivating lungfish (Protopterus)

1977 ◽  
Vol 232 (1) ◽  
pp. R10-R17 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. DeLaney ◽  
S. Lahiri ◽  
R. Hamilton ◽  
P. Fishman
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Respiratory Acidosis ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Plasma Composition ◽  
Total Plasma ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Plasma Bicarbonate ◽  
Arterial Ph ◽  
Base Balance

Upon entering into aestivation, Protopterus aethiopicus develops a respiratory acidosis. A slow compensatory increase in plasma bicarbonate suffices only to partially restore arterial pH toward normal. The cessation of water intake from the start of aestivation results in hemoconcentration and marked oliguria. The concentrations of most plasma constituents continue to increase progressively, and the electrolyte ratios change. The increase in urea concentration is disproportionately high for the degree of dehydration and constitutes an increasing fraction of total plasma osmolality. Acid-base and electrolyte balance do not reach a new equilibrium within 1 yr in the cocoon.

Effects of temperature on acid-base balance and ventilation in desert iguanas

1981 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 452-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Bickler
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Pulmonary Ventilation ◽  
Respiratory Acidosis ◽  
Lung Ventilation ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Arterial Ph ◽  
Blood Relative ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
History Of

The effects of constant and changing temperatures on blood acid-base status and pulmonary ventilation were studied in the eurythermal lizard Dipsosaurus dorsalis. Constant temperatures between 18 and 42 degrees C maintained for 24 h or more produced arterial pH changes of -0.0145 U X degrees C-1. Arterial CO2 tension (PCO2) increased from 9.9 to 32 Torr plasma [HCO-3] and total CO2 contents remained constant at near 19 and 22 mM, respectively. Under constant temperature conditions, ventilation-gas exchange ratios (VE/MCO2 and VE/MO2) were inversely related to temperature and can adequately explain the changes in arterial PCO2 and pH. During warming and cooling between 25 and 42 degrees C arterial pH, PCO2 [HCO-3], and respiratory exchange ratios (MCO2/MO2) were similar to steady-state values. Warming and cooling each took about 2 h. During the temperature changes, rapid changes in lung ventilation following steady-state patterns were seen. Blood relative alkalinity changed slightly with steady-state or changing body temperatures, whereas calculated charge on protein histidine imidazole was closely conserved. Cooling to 17-18 degrees C resulted in a transient respiratory acidosis correlated with a decline in the ratio VE/MCO2. After 12-24 h at 17-18 degrees C, pH, PCO2, and VE returned to steady-state values. The importance of thermal history of patterns of acid-base regulation in reptiles is discussed.

The effects of enforced activity on ventilation, circulation and blood acid-base balance in the aquatic gill-less urodele, Cryptobranchus alleganiensis; a comparison with the semi-terrestrial anuran, Bufo marinus

1980 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 289-302
Author(s):  
R. G. Boutilier ◽  
D. G. McDonald ◽  
D. P. Toews
Keyword(s):  
Recovery Period ◽  
Respiratory Acidosis ◽  
Bufo Marinus ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Cryptobranchus Alleganiensis ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Lower Magnitude

A combined respiratory and metabolic acidosis occurs in the arterial blood immediately following 30 min of strenuous activity in the predominantly skin-breathing urodele, Cryptobranchus alleganiensis, and in the bimodal-breathing anuran, Bufo marinus, at 25 degrees C. In Bufo, the bulk of the post-exercise acidosis is metabolic in origin (principally lactic acid) and recovery is complete within 4-8 h. In the salamander, a lower magnitude, longer duration, metabolic acid component and a more pronounced respiratory acidosis prolong the recovery period for up to 22 h post-exercise. It is suggested that fundamental differences between the dominant sites for gas exchange (pulmonary versus cutaneous), and thus in the control of respiratory acid-base balance, may underline the dissimilar patterns of recovery from exercise in these two species.

Effect of systemic acid-base balance on ileal secretion

1987 ◽  
Vol 253 (3) ◽  
pp. G330-G335
Author(s):  
D. S. Goldfarb ◽  
P. M. Ingrassia ◽  
A. N. Charney
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Acidosis ◽  
Cholera Toxin ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Respiratory Acidosis ◽  
Secretory Process ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Ph Change ◽  
Base Balance

We previously reported that systemic pH and HCO3 concentration affect ileal water and electrolyte absorption. To determine whether these effects could influence an ongoing secretory process, we measured transport in ileal loops exposed to either saline or 50-75 micrograms cholera toxin in mechanically ventilated Sprague-Dawley rats anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. The effects of acute respiratory and metabolic acidosis and alkalosis were then examined. Decreases in systemic pH during respiratory acidosis caused equivalent increases in net water (54 +/- 8 microliters . cm-1 . h-1) and Na absorption (7 +/- 1 mu eq . cm- . h-1) and smaller increases in Cl absorption in cholera toxin compared with saline loops. These increases reversed the net secretion of these ions observed during alkalemia in the cholera toxin loops to net absorption. Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis and respiratory compensation of systemic pH of these metabolic disorders also altered cholera toxin-induced secretion in a direction consistent with the pH change. The increase in net HCO3 secretion caused by cholera toxin was unaffected by the respiratory disorders and did not vary with the HCO3 concentration in the metabolic disorders. These findings suggest that the systemic acid-base disorders that characterize intestinal secretory states may themselves alter intestinal absorptive function and fluid losses.

The effect of heat stress on respiratory alkalosis, blood acid base balance and insulin sensitivity in cinnamon supplemented pigs

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (12) ◽  
pp. 2415
Author(s):  
J. J. Cottrell ◽  
F. Liu ◽  
S. Wan ◽  
U. A. Wijesiriwardana ◽  
K. DiGiacomo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Respiratory Alkalosis ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Base Balance

scholarly journals Mechanism of Erythropoietin Production by Cobaltous Chloride

Blood ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilyn E. Miller ◽  
Donald Howard ◽  
Frederick Stohlman ◽  
Patricia Flanagan
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Alkalosis ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Erythropoietin Production ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Subsequent Effect ◽  
Significant Measure ◽  
Dose Levels

Abstract Normal and nephrectomized Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with CoCl2 at three dose levels, 10, 20, and 25 µm/ 100 g body weight. The effects of this drug on acid-base balance were related to the production of erythropoietin. Within 6 hr after the administration of CoCl2 to normal rats, a dose-related respiratory alkalosis occurred associated with an increase in the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. This was followed by an increase in the production of erythropoietin. Nephrectomy altered the acid-base balance of the animal such that a profound acidosis occurred after the administration of CoCl2 with an associated decrease in the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. Erythropoietin could not be detected in these nephrectomized rats given CoCl2. These findings demonstrate that the production of erythropoietin after the administration of CoCl2 is related in significant measure to changes in acid-base balance with its subsequent effect on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.

The use of elements of the Stewart model (Strong Ion Approach) for the diagnostics of respiratory acidosis on the basis of the calculation of a value of a modified anion gap (AGm) in brachycephalic dogs

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 217-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Sławuta ◽  
K. Glińska-Suchocka ◽  
A. Cekiera
Keyword(s):  
Reference Values ◽  
Soft Palate ◽  
Respiratory Acidosis ◽  
Anion Gap ◽  
Correction Procedure ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Apparent Lack ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Base Balance

AbstractApart from the HH equation, the acid-base balance of an organism is also described by the Stewart model, which assumes that the proper insight into the ABB of the organism is given by an analysis of: pCO2, the difference of concentrations of strong cations and anions in the blood serum – SID, and the total concentration of nonvolatile weak acids – Acid total. The notion of an anion gap (AG), or the apparent lack of ions, is closely related to the acid-base balance described according to the HH equation. Its value mainly consists of negatively charged proteins, phosphates, and sulphates in blood. In the human medicine, a modified anion gap is used, which, including the concentration of the protein buffer of blood, is, in fact, the combination of the apparent lack of ions derived from the classic model and the Stewart model. In brachycephalic dogs, respiratory acidosis often occurs, which is caused by an overgrowth of the soft palate, making it impossible for a free air flow and causing an increase in pCO2– carbonic acid anhydride The aim of the present paper was an attempt to answer the question whether, in the case of systemic respiratory acidosis, changes in the concentration of buffering ions can also be seen. The study was carried out on 60 adult dogs of boxer breed in which, on the basis of the results of endoscopic examination, a strong overgrowth of the soft palate requiring a surgical correction was found. For each dog, the value of the anion gap before and after the palate correction procedure was calculated according to the following equation: AG = ([Na+mmol/l] + [K+mmol/l]) – ([Cl−mmol/l]+[HCO3−mmol/l]) as well as the value of the modified AG – according to the following equation: AGm= calculated AG + 2.5 × (albuminsr– albuminsd). The values of AG calculated for the dogs before and after the procedure fell within the limits of the reference values and did not differ significantly whereas the values of AGmcalculated for the dogs before and after the procedure differed from each other significantly. Conclusions: 1) On the basis of the values of AGmobtained it should be stated that in spite of finding respiratory acidosis in the examined dogs, changes in ion concentration can also be seen, which, according to the Stewart theory, compensate metabolic ABB disorders 2) In spite of the fact that all the values used for calculation of AGmwere within the limits of reference values, the values of AGmin dogs before and after the soft palate correction procedure differed from each other significantly, which proves high sensitivity and usefulness of the AGmcalculation as a diagnostic method.

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