Glycogen and nonspecific adaptation to cold

1981 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 1428-1432 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. LeBlanc ◽  
A. Labrie
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Cold Resistance ◽  
Nonshivering Thermogenesis ◽  
Adaptation To Cold ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Glycogen Stores ◽  
Rate Limiting

Exposure to moderate cold for a few weeks causes adaptation through the development of nonshivering thermogenesis primarily in the brown adipose tissue. Exposure to severe cold by repeated short exposures also causes adaptation but by mechanisms that seem to be different. These latter results were confirmed in mice. It was also found that this type of adaptation is nonspecific because it can be produced by other stresses such as swimming or fasting. Simultaneous determinations of glycogen in the liver and soleus and tibialis muscles indicated a possible role for this substrate in cold resistance. Repeated cold exposure (8 times at -15 degrees C for 10 min), swimming for 3 h, or fasting for 48 h--all reduced the glycogen stores when measured immediately after the stress. However, the levels of glycogen were significantly increased above the initial values (P less than 0.01) when the determinations were made 24 h later. Cold tolerance measured by resistance to hypothermia at -5 degrees C was improved only when the test was done 24 h after the stress had taken place. Thus, cold resistance, as described in this study, is nonspecific and our results suggest that glycogen stores could serve as a rate-limiting substrate.

Type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase is upregulated in rat slow- and fast-twitch skeletal muscle during cold exposure

2014 ◽  
Vol 307 (11) ◽  
pp. E1020-E1029 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruy A. Louzada ◽  
Maria C. S. Santos ◽  
João Paulo A. Cavalcanti-de-Albuquerque ◽  
Igor F. Rangel ◽  
Andrea C. F. Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Soleus Muscle ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Nonshivering Thermogenesis ◽  
Brown Adipose

During cold acclimation, shivering is progressively replaced by nonshivering thermogenesis. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) and skeletal muscle are relevant for nonshivering thermogenesis, which depends largely on thyroid hormone. Since the skeletal muscle fibers progressively adapt to cold exposure through poorly defined mechanisms, our intent was to determine whether skeletal muscle type 2 deiodinase (D2) induction could be implicated in the long-term skeletal muscle cold acclimation. We demonstrate that in the red oxidative soleus muscle, D2 activity increased 2.3-fold after 3 days at 4°C together with the brown adipose tissue D2 activity, which increased 10-fold. Soleus muscle and BAT D2 activities returned to the control levels after 10 days of cold exposure, when an increase of 2.8-fold in D2 activity was detected in white glycolytic gastrocnemius but not in red oxidative gastrocnemius fibers. Propranolol did not prevent muscle D2 induction, but it impaired the decrease of D2 in BAT and soleus after 10 days at 4°C. Cold exposure is accompanied by increased oxygen consumption, UCP3, and PGC-1α genes expression in skeletal muscles, which were partialy prevented by propranolol in soleus and gastrocnemius. Serum total and free T3 is increased during cold exposure in rats, even after 10 days, when BAT D2 is already normalized, suggesting that skeletal muscle D2 activity contributes significantly to circulating T3 under this adaptive condition. In conclusion, cold exposure is accompanied by concerted changes in the metabolism of BAT and oxidative and glycolytic skeletal muscles that are paralleled by type 2 deiodinase activation.

scholarly journals Hypothalamic Melanin-Concentrating Hormone Is Induced by Cold Exposure and Participates in the Control of Energy Expenditure in Rats

Endocrinology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 144 (11) ◽  
pp. 4831-4840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Márcio Pereira-da-Silva ◽  
Márcio A. Torsoni ◽  
Hugo V. Nourani ◽  
Viviane D. Augusto ◽  
Cláudio T. Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Tissue Mass ◽  
Interscapular Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cdna Macroarray ◽  
Adaptation To Cold ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Melanin Concentrating Hormone

Abstract Short-term cold exposure of homeothermic animals leads to higher thermogenesis and food consumption accompanied by weight loss. An analysis of cDNA-macroarray was employed to identify candidate mRNA species that encode proteins involved in thermogenic adaptation to cold. A cDNA-macroarray analysis, confirmed by RT-PCR, immunoblot, and RIA, revealed that the hypothalamic expression of melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is enhanced by exposure of rats to cold environment. The blockade of hypothalamic MCH expression by antisense MCH oligonucleotide in cold-exposed rats promoted no changes in feeding behavior and body temperature. However, MCH blockade led to a significant drop in body weight, which was accompanied by decreased liver glycogen, increased relative body fat, increased absolute and relative interscapular brown adipose tissue mass, increased uncoupling protein 1 expression in brown adipose tissue, and increased consumption of lean body mass. Thus, increased hypothalamic MCH expression in rats exposed to cold may participate in the process that allows for efficient use of energy for heat production during thermogenic adaptation to cold.

Effect of food restriction on cold adaptability of rats

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akihiro Kuroshima ◽  
Takehiro Yahata
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Nonshivering Thermogenesis ◽  
Cold Adapted ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ad Libitum

To determine the role of the nutritional state in nonshivering thermogenesis during cold adaptation, cold adaptability was compared between cold-adapted (5 °C for 4–5 weeks) rats fed ad libitum and cold-adapted rats pair fed with warm controls having the same food intake. Cold-adapted pair-fed rats suffered a significant loss in body weight during cold exposure. However, brown adipose tissue (BAT) in both cold-adapted ad libitum fed and cold-adapted pair-fed rats was enlarged to the same extent as compared with that in control rats. Fat-free dry matter in BAT also increased in cold-adapted ad libitum fed and cold-adapted pair-fed rats to the same extent. Cold tolerance as assessed by the change in the colonic temperature at −5 °C was improved relative to control rats and was the same for cold-adapted ad libitum fed and cold-adapted pair-fed rats. Nonshivering thermogenesis as estimated by the noradrenaline-induced increase in oxygen consumption was significantly greater in the cold-exposed rats and there was no significant difference between cold-adapted ad libitum fed and cold-adapted pair-fed rats. These results suggest that an improved cold tolerance by means of nonshivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue is closely related to the low temperature itself but not the increased food intake which occurred in the cold.

Tissue distribution of cold-induced thermogenesis in conscious warm- or cold-acclimated rats reevaluated from changes in tissue blood flow: The dominant role of brown adipose tissue in the replacement of shivering by nonshivering thermogenesis

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
David O. Foster ◽  
M. Lorraine Frydman
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Tissue Distribution ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Tissue Blood Flow ◽  
Anatomical Site ◽  
Nonshivering Thermogenesis ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Brown Adipose

Radioactive microspheres (12–16 μm) were used to measure cardiac output (CO), its fractional distribution, and hence tissue blood flow in conscious, warm-acclimated (WA) or cold-acclimated (CA) white rats exposed to temperatures of 25, 21, 6, −6, and −19 °C, the objective being to assess the tissue distribution of cold-induced thermogenesis. Total oxygen consumption was also measured. CA rats at 25 °C (CA25) had elevated arteriovenous shunting and other signs of heat stress. CA21 proved more suitable controls for the CA group. The cold-induced changes in blood flow to total skeletal muscle not involved in respiratory movements (M) and to the major masses of brown adipose tissue (BAT) were quantitatively very different in the two acclimation groups: in WA25 and CA21 flows to M were 31 (0.24 CO) and 27 (0.17 CO) mL/min, respectively, while flows to BAT were 2.1 and 9.7 mL/min; in WA−19 and CA−19 flows to M were 62 (0.32 CO) and 35 (0.16 CO) mL/min, respectively, while flows to BAT were 25 and 56 mL/min. In contrast, the effects of cold exposure on flows to other tissues and organs were remarkably alike in the two acclimation groups: e.g., flows to heart, ribcage, and diaphragm increased about three times between 25 and −19 °C, flow to the skin fell about 50%, and flows to the hepatosplanchnic region and kidneys were little or not at all affected by cold exposure. Estimates of the contributions of different tissues and organs to cold-induced thermogenesis were made on the basis of the relative changes in blood flow. It is concluded that BAT is by far the dominant anatomical site of the increased heat production of cold-exposed CA rats, and that nonshivering thermogenesis in BAT supplements considerably the shivering thermogenesis of cold-exposed WA rats.

scholarly journals Chronic cold exposure induces autophagy to promote fatty acid oxidation, mitochondrial turnover, and thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue

iScience ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 102434
Author(s):  
Winifred W. Yau ◽  
Kiraely Adam Wong ◽  
Jin Zhou ◽  
Nivetha Kanakaram Thimmukonda ◽  
Yajun Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fatty Acid Oxidation ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Mitochondrial Turnover

Reduced brown adipose tissue activity during cold exposure is a metabolic feature of the human thrifty phenotype

Metabolism ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 117 ◽  
pp. 154709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Hollstein ◽  
Karyne Vinales ◽  
Kong Y. Chen ◽  
Aaron M. Cypess ◽  
Alessio Basolo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Thrifty Phenotype ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Metabolic Feature ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue Activity

Corticosterone decreases nonshivering thermogenesis and increases lipid storage in brown adipose tissue

1995 ◽  
Vol 268 (1) ◽  
pp. R183-R191 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Strack ◽  
M. J. Bradbury ◽  
M. F. Dallman
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Glucocorticoid Receptors ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Lipid Storage ◽  
Scatchard Analysis ◽  
Nonshivering Thermogenesis ◽  
Diurnal Range ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Intact Rats

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) contains glucocorticoid receptors; glucocorticoids are required for maintaining differentiated BAT in culture. These studies were performed to determine the effects of corticosterone on BAT thermogenic function and lipid storage. Rats were adrenalectomized and given subcutaneous corticosterone pellets in concentrations that maintained plasma corticosterone constant across the range of 0-20 micrograms/dl or were sham adrenalectomized. All variables were examined 5 days after surgery and corticosterone replacement. Measures of BAT function-thermogenic capacity [guanosine 5'-diphosphate (GDP) binding and uncoupling protein (UCP; a BAT-specific thermogenic protein)] and storage (BAT wet wt, protein, and DNA levels) were made. Plasma hormones (corticosterone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, insulin, 3,3',5-triiodothyronine, and thyroxine were measured. Corticosterone significantly affected BAT thermogenic measures: UCP content and binding of GDP to BAT mitochondria decreased with increasing corticosterone; GDP binding characteristics in BAT from similarly prepared rats examined by Scatchard analysis showed that maximum binding (Bmax) and dissociation constant (Kd) decreased with increasing corticosterone dose. BAT DNA was increased by adrenalectomy and maintained at intact levels with all doses of corticosterone; BAT lipid storage increased dramatically at corticosterone values higher than the daily mean level in intact rats. Histologically, the number and size of lipid droplets within BAT adipocytes increased markedly with increased corticosterone. White adipose depots were more sensitive to circulating corticosterone concentrations than were BAT depots and increased in weight at levels of corticosterone that were at or below the daily mean level of intact rats. We conclude that, within its diurnal range of concentration corticosterone acts to inhibit nonshivering thermogenesis and increase lipid storage.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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