Skeletal muscle response to spaceflight, whole body suspension, and recovery in rats

1990 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 2248-2253 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. J. Musacchia ◽  
J. M. Steffen ◽  
R. D. Fell ◽  
M. J. Dombrowski
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Muscle Metabolism ◽  
Capillary Density ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Muscle Plasticity ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Muscle Mass Loss ◽  
Fast Twitch

Comparisons of soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles from male Sprague-Dawley rats (350-400 g) after 7 days of weightlessness, 7 and 14 days of whole body suspension (WBS), and 7 days of recovery from WBS and from vivarium controls were made. Muscle mass loss of approximately 30% was observed in soleus after 7 and 14 days of WBS. Measurement of slow- and fast-twitch fibers showed significant alterations. Reductions in cross-sectional areas and increases in fiber densities in soleus after spaceflight and WBS were related to previous findings of muscle atrophy during unloading. Capillary density also showed a marked increase with unloading. Seven days of weightlessness were sufficient to effect a 20 and 15% loss in absolute muscle mass in soleus and EDL, respectively. However, the antigravity soleus was more responsive in terms of cross-sectional area reductions. After 7 days of recovery from WBS, with normal ambulatory loading, the parameters studied showed a reversal to control levels. Muscle plasticity, in terms of fiber and capillary responses, indicated differences in responses in the two types of muscles and further amplified that antigravity posture muscles are highly susceptible to unloading. Studies of recovery from spaceflight for both muscle metabolism and microvascular modifications are further justified.

scholarly journals Prolonged Immobilization Exacerbates the Loss of Muscle Mass and Function Induced by Cancer-Associated Cachexia through Enhanced Proteolysis in Mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (21) ◽  
pp. 8167
Author(s):  
Laura Mañas-García ◽  
Antonio Penedo-Vázquez ◽  
Adrián López-Postigo ◽  
Jorieke Deschrevel ◽  
Xavier Durán ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Damage ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Muscle Regeneration ◽  
Troponin I ◽  
Hindlimb Unloading ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Muscle Mass Loss ◽  
Prolonged Immobilization ◽  
And Function ◽  
Fast Twitch

We hypothesized that in mice with lung cancer (LC)-induced cachexia, periods of immobilization of the hindlimb (7 and 15 days) may further aggravate the process of muscle mass loss and function. Mice were divided into seven groups (n = 10/group): (1) non-immobilized control mice, (2) 7-day unloaded mice (7-day I), (3) 15-day unloaded mice (15-day I), (4) 21-day LC-cachexia group (LC 21-days), (5) 30-day LC-cachexia group (LC 30-days), (6) 21-day LC-cachexia group besides 7 days of unloading (LC 21-days + 7-day I), (7) 30-day LC-cachexia group besides 15 days of unloading (LC 30-days + 15-day I). Physiological parameters, body weight, muscle and tumor weights, phenotype and morphometry, muscle damage (including troponin I), proteolytic and autophagy markers, and muscle regeneration markers were identified in gastrocnemius muscle. In LC-induced cachexia mice exposed to hindlimb unloading, gastrocnemius weight, limb strength, fast-twitch myofiber cross-sectional area, and muscle regeneration markers significantly decreased, while tumor weight and area, muscle damage (troponin), and proteolytic and autophagy markers increased. In gastrocnemius of cancer-cachectic mice exposed to unloading, severe muscle atrophy and impaired function was observed along with increased muscle proteolysis and autophagy, muscle damage, and impaired muscle regeneration.

Adrenalectomy eliminates both fiber-type differences and starvation effects on denervated muscle

1988 ◽  
Vol 255 (6) ◽  
pp. E850-E856 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. R. Almon ◽  
D. C. Dubois
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Extensor Digitorum Longus ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Denervated Muscle ◽  
Adrenalectomized Animal ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Starvation Effects ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Denervated Muscles

This report describes changes in muscle mass of innervated and denervated pairs of muscles taken from intact and adrenalectomized 250-g male Sprague-Dawley rats provided with different diets. Diets ranged from a nutritionally complete liquid diet to starvation (water only). In the intact animals, muscles with a more tonic character (soleus) are less sensitive to starvation than are muscles with a more phasic character (extensor digitorum longus), whereas the opposite is true of denervation. In the intact animals, starvation greatly increased the amount of atrophy following denervation. In the adrenalectomized animals, starvation had no effect on the amounts of atrophy following denervation. Furthermore, adrenalectomy virtually eliminated the fiber-type differences in the amount of atrophy following denervation. In addition, a comparison between denervated muscles from intact animals and adrenalectomized animals subjected to starvation demonstrates that all denervated muscles from the adrenalectomized animals atrophy less. Finally, it was observed that although an adrenalectomized animal can tolerate 6 days of starvation, an adrenalectomized-castrated animal cannot tolerate even short periods of starvation. The difference appears to be due to low amounts of corticosterone of testicular origin.

scholarly journals Notch signaling-modified mesenchymal stem cells improve tissue perfusion by induction of arteriogenesis in a rat hindlimb ischemia model

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shusaku Maeda ◽  
Shigeru Miyagawa ◽  
Takuji Kawamura ◽  
Takashi Shibuya ◽  
Kenichi Watanabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Notch Signaling ◽  
Tissue Perfusion ◽  
Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell ◽  
Capillary Density ◽  
Adductor Muscle ◽  
Notch Signaling Pathway ◽  
Hindlimb Ischemia ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Whole Transcriptome Analysis

AbstractNotch signaling-modified human mesenchymal stem cell, SB623 cell, is a promising cell therapy product for ischemic stroke. With the aim to expand indications for their use for critical limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI), we hypothesized that SB623 cells improved tissue perfusion by inducing angiogenesis or arteriogenesis in a hindlimb ischemia model rat. In Sprague–Dawley rats, hindlimb ischemia was generated by femoral artery removal, then seven days after ischemic induction 1 × 105 SB623 cells or PBS was injected into the ischemic adductor muscle. As compared with the PBS group, tissue perfusion was significantly increased in the SB623 group. While capillary density did not vary between the groups, αSMA- and vWF-positive arterioles with a diameter  > 15 μm were significantly increased in the SB623 group. Whole transcriptome analysis of endothelial cells co-cultured with SB623 cells showed upregulation of the Notch signaling pathway as well as several other pathways potentially leading to arteriogenesis. Furthermore, rat muscle treated with SB623 cells showed a trend for higher ephrin-B2 and significantly higher EphB4 expression, which are known as arteriogenic markers. In the hindlimb ischemia model, SB623 cells improved tissue perfusion by inducing arteriogenesis, suggesting a promising cell source for treatment of CLTI.

scholarly journals Mild DOCA-salt hypertension: sympathetic system and role of renal nerves

2011 ◽  
Vol 300 (5) ◽  
pp. H1781-H1787 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sachin S. Kandlikar ◽  
Gregory D. Fink
Keyword(s):  
Control Period ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Renal Nerves ◽  
Experimental Hypertension ◽  
Sympathetic Activation ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Salt Hypertension ◽  
Hypertension Development

Excess sympathetic nervous system activity (SNA) is linked to human essential and experimental hypertension. To test whether sympathetic activation is associated with a model of deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertension featuring two kidneys and a moderate elevation of blood pressure, we measured whole body norepinephrine (NE) spillover as an index of global SNA. Studies were conducted in chronically catheterized male Sprague-Dawley rats drinking water containing 1% NaCl and 0.2% KCl. After a 7-day surgical recovery and a 3-day control period, a DOCA pellet (50 mg/kg) was implanted subcutaneously in one group of rats (DOCA), while the other group underwent sham implantation (Sham). NE spillover was measured on control day 2 and days 7 and 14 after DOCA administration or sham implantation. During the control period, mean arterial pressure (MAP) was similar in Sham and DOCA rats. MAP was significantly increased in the DOCA group compared with the Sham group after DOCA administration ( day 14: Sham = 109 ± 5.3, DOCA = 128 ± 3.6 mmHg). However, plasma NE concentration, clearance, and spillover were not different in the two groups at any time. To determine whether selective sympathetic activation to the kidneys contributes to hypertension development, additional studies were performed in renal denervated (RDX) and sham-denervated (Sham-DX) rats. MAP, measured by radiotelemetry, was similar in both groups during the control and DOCA treatment periods. In conclusion, global SNA is not increased during the development of mild DOCA-salt hypertension, and fully intact renal nerves are not essential for hypertension development in this model.

Exercise training and its effects with renal hypertensive rats

1985 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 1410-1415 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. D. Marcus ◽  
C. M. Tipton
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Capillary Density ◽  
Heart Weight ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Vo2 Max ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Resting Blood Pressure ◽  
Renal Hypertensive Rats

The influence of endurance training on functional capacity [maximal O2 consumption (VO2 max)], caudal arterial blood pressure, and myocardial capillary density were investigated in normotensive rats and rats made hypertensive using the two-kidney one-clip approach (Goldblatt's hypertension). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to sham (N: 120–140 mmHg), moderately hypertensive (MH = 0.30-mm clips, 150–170 mmHg), or severely hypertensive (SH = 0.25-mm clips, 190–230 mmHg) groups. Rats designated to be runners (T) were exercised on a motor-driven treadmill equal to 50–70% of their VO2 max values for 8–12 wk. Compared with their nontrained (NT) controls, training was associated with significantly higher VO2 max values (12–15%) and muscle cytochrome-c oxidase activities (33–78%). Resting systolic blood pressure was not significantly changed in the N-and MH-T subgroups; however, it was 20–30 mmHg higher in the SH-T subgroup. Mean absolute heart weight for only the N-T group was significantly heavier than their NT controls. However, the mean predicted heart weights (heart wt = 0.639 X body wt of N-NT + 0.001 g) of the two SH groups were significantly higher than expected. The SH-T group had a lower (11%) subepicardial capillary density mean than its NT control and significantly fewer capillaries in the subendocardial region than the other five subgroups. It was concluded that moderate exercise training appeared to be detrimental to rats with severe hypertension because it increased resting blood pressure and decreased myocardial capillary density, even though it improved their functioning capacity.

scholarly journals Alternate Mediterranean diet score is positively associated with skeletal muscle mass index in middle-aged adults

2017 ◽  
Vol 117 (8) ◽  
pp. 1181-1188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui-yuan Tian ◽  
Rui Qiu ◽  
Li-peng Jing ◽  
Zhan-yong Chen ◽  
Geng-dong Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Mediterranean Diet ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽  
General Information ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mediterranean Diet Score ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass Index ◽  
Diet Score

AbstractResearches have suggested Mediterranean diet might lower the risk of chronic diseases, but data on skeletal muscle mass (SMM) are limited. This community-based cross-sectional study examined the association between the alternate Mediterranean diet score (aMDS) and SMM in 2230 females and 1059 males aged 40–75 years in Guangzhou, China. General information and habitual dietary information were assessed in face-to-face interviews conducted during 2008–2010 and 3 years later. The aMDS was calculated by summing the dichotomous points for the items of higher intakes of whole grain, vegetables, fruits, legumes, nuts, fish and ratio of MUFA:SFA, lower red meat and moderate ethanol consumption. The SMM of the whole body, limbs, arms and legs were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry during 2011–2013. After adjusting for potential covariates, higher aMDS was positively associated with skeletal muscle mass index (SMI, SMM/height2, kg/m2) at all of the studied sites in males (all Ptrend<0·05). The multiple covariate-adjusted SMI means were 2·70 % (whole body), 2·65 % (limbs), 2·50 % (arms) and 2·70 % (legs) higher in the high (v. low) category aMDS in males (all P<0·05). In females, the corresponding values were 1·35 % (Ptrend=0·03), 1·05, 0·52 and 1·20 %, (Ptrend>0·05). Age-stratified analyses showed that the favourable associations tended to be more pronounced in the younger subjects aged less than the medians of 59·2 and 62·2 years in females and males (Pinteraction>0·10). In conclusion, the aMDS shows protective associations with SMM in Chinese adults, particularly in male and younger subjects.

scholarly journals Reference Values for Skeletal Muscle Mass – Current Concepts and Methodological Considerations

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carina O. Walowski ◽  
Wiebke Braun ◽  
Michael J. Maisch ◽  
Björn Jensen ◽  
Sven Peine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
Reference Population ◽  
Muscle Quality ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Whole Body Imaging ◽  
Cross Sectional

Assessment of a low skeletal muscle mass (SM) is important for diagnosis of ageing and disease-associated sarcopenia and is hindered by heterogeneous methods and terminologies that lead to differences in diagnostic criteria among studies and even among consensus definitions. The aim of this review was to analyze and summarize previously published cut-offs for SM applied in clinical and research settings and to facilitate comparison of results between studies. Multiple published reference values for discrepant parameters of SM were identified from 64 studies and the underlying methodological assumptions and limitations are compared including different concepts for normalization of SM for body size and fat mass (FM). Single computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging images and appendicular lean soft tissue by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) or bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) are taken as a valid substitute of total SM because they show a high correlation with results from whole body imaging in cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. However, the random error of these methods limits the applicability of these substitutes in the assessment of individual cases and together with the systematic error limits the accurate detection of changes in SM. Adverse effects of obesity on muscle quality and function may lead to an underestimation of sarcopenia in obesity and may justify normalization of SM for FM. In conclusion, results for SM can only be compared with reference values using the same method, BIA- or DXA-device and an appropriate reference population. Limitations of proxies for total SM as well as normalization of SM for FM are important content-related issues that need to be considered in longitudinal studies, populations with obesity or older subjects.

Exercise training attenuates diet-induced reduction in metabolic rate

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 2612-2617 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Ballor ◽  
L. J. Tommerup ◽  
D. P. Thomas ◽  
D. B. Smith ◽  
R. E. Keesey
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Dietary Restriction ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Daily Energy Expenditure ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Whole Body Metabolism

The combined influence of exercise training and dietary restriction on daily energy expenditure was evaluated by exposing 48 male Sprague-Dawley rats to one of three food intake conditions [ad libitum (AL), moderately restricted (MR), or severely restricted (SR)] and to one of two exercise conditions [treadmill exercised (E) or cage confined (CC)]. After 10 wk of exercise and dietary restriction, the MR-CC and MR-E rats weighed 84 and 86%, respectively, of AL-CC, whereas the SR-CC and SR-E rats weighed 66 and 68% of AL-CC. Dietary restriction and subsequent weight loss produced significant reductions in both total and resting daily energy expenditure. Exercise partially reversed this effect, but the extent of this reversal diminished as the severity of dietary restriction was increased. These results raise the distinct possibility that inconsistencies in the current literature concerning the effects of exercise on whole body metabolism during periods of dietary restriction might be reconciled by an appreciation and an understanding of the influence that duration of exercise training and severity of food restriction have on this measure.

In vivo leucine oxidation at rest and during two intensities of exercise

1982 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 947-954 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. Lemon ◽  
F. J. Nagle ◽  
J. P. Mullin ◽  
N. J. Benevenga
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Muscle Metabolism ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Mixed Diet ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Tracer Dose ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
14Co2 Production

After ingestion of a mixed diet containing a tracer dose (10 muCi) of L-[1–14C]leucine (Leu), 32 male Sprague-Dawley rats (70–90 g) remained at rest (R) or completed 1 h exercise at 80 (E80) or 40% VO2max (E40). 14CO2 production was assessed for 6 h (exercise occurred from h 2 to 3). Four rats were killed at 2, 3, 4, and 6 h (R), at 3 and 6 h (E80), and at 6 h (E40). Determinations were 1) tissue specific activity dpm X mumol-1 from a) mixed skeletal muscle (gastrocnemius, soleus, quadriceps, and hamstrings) and b) liver and 2) radioactivity remaining in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Leu oxidized (mumol) was estimated (14 CO2 dpm X tissue sp act dpm-1 X mumol-1) independently from skeletal muscle and liver. Results were 1) 14CO2 production increased in both E80 and E40 compared with R (P less than 0.05), 2) E80 14CO2 increase was greater than E40 (P less than 0.05), 3) GIT absorption was reduced in E80 and E40 compared with R (P less than 0.05), and 4) exercise Leu oxidation (weighted average of tissue estimates) was 26% greater than R (P less than 0.05). The origin and site of the increased Leu oxidation cannot be determined from the present data; however, due to the magnitude of increase in skeletal muscle metabolism relative to other tissues during exercise, it is probable that skeletal muscle plays a significant role.

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