Greater rate of decline in maximal aerobic capacity with age in physically active vs. sedentary healthy women

1997 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
pp. 1947-1953 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hirofumi Tanaka ◽  
Christopher A. Desouza ◽  
Pamela P. Jones ◽  
Edith T. Stevenson ◽  
Kevin P. Davy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Relative Rate ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Absolute Rate ◽  
Maximal Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Healthy Women ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Rate Of Decline

Tanaka, Hirofumi, Christopher A. DeSouza, Pamela P. Jones, Edith T. Stevenson, Kevin P. Davy, and Douglas R. Seals. Greater rate of decline in maximal aerobic capacity with age in physically active vs. sedentary healthy women. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(6): 1947–1953, 1997.—Using a meta-analytic approach, we recently reported that the rate of decline in maximal oxygen uptake (V˙o 2 max) with age in healthy women is greatest in the most physically active and smallest in the least active when expressed in milliliters per kilogram per minute per decade. We tested this hypothesis prospectively under well-controlled laboratory conditions by studying 156 healthy, nonobese women (age 20–75 yr): 84 endurance-trained runners (ET) and 72 sedentary subjects (S). ET were matched across the age range for age-adjusted 10-km running performance. Body mass was positively related with age in S but not in ET. Fat-free mass was not different with age in ET or S. Maximal respiratory exchange ratio and rating of perceived exertion were similar across age in ET and S, suggesting equivalent voluntary maximal efforts. There was a significant but modest decline in running mileage, frequency, and speed with advancing age in ET.V˙o 2 max(ml ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1) was inversely related to age ( P < 0.001) in ET ( r = −0.82) and S ( r = −0.71) and was higher at any age in ET. Consistent with our meta-analysic findings, the absolute rate of decline inV˙o 2 max was greater in ET (−5.7 ml ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1 ⋅ decade−1) compared with S (−3.2 ml ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1 ⋅ decade−1; P < 0.01), but the relative (%) rate of decline was similar (−9.7 vs −9.1%/decade; not significant). The greater absolute rate of decline inV˙o 2 max in ET compared with S was not associated with a greater rate of decline in maximal heart rate (−5.6 vs. −6.2 beats ⋅ min−1 ⋅ decade−1), nor was it related to training factors. The present cross-sectional findings provide additional evidence that the absolute, but not the relative, rate of decline in maximal aerobic capacity with age may be greater in highly physically active women compared with their sedentary healthy peers. This difference does not appear to be related to age-associated changes in maximal heart rate, body composition, or training factors.

Changes in maximal aerobic capacity with age in endurance-trained women: 7-yr follow-up

2002 ◽  
Vol 92 (6) ◽  
pp. 2303-2308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iratxe Eskurza ◽  
Anthony J. Donato ◽  
Kerrie L. Moreau ◽  
Douglas R. Seals ◽  
Hirofumi Tanaka
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Relative Rate ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Training Volume ◽  
Maximal Aerobic Capacity ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Rate Of Decline ◽  
Sedentary Women

On the basis of cross-sectional data, we previously reported that the absolute, but not the relative (%), rate of decline in maximal oxygen consumption (V˙o 2 max) with age is greater in endurance-trained compared with healthy sedentary women. We tested this hypothesis by using a longitudinal approach. Eight sedentary (63 ± 2 yr at follow-up) and 16 endurance-trained (57 ± 2) women were reevaluated after a mean follow-up period of 7 yr. At baseline,V˙o 2 max was ∼70% higher in endurance-trained women (48.1 ± 1.7 vs. 28.1 ± 0.8 ml · kg−1 · min−1 · yr−1). At follow-up, body mass, fat-free mass, maximal respiratory exchange ratio, and maximal rating of perceived exertion were not different from baseline in either group. The absolute rate of decline inV˙o 2 max was twice as great ( P < 0.01) in the endurance-trained (−0.84 ± 0.15 ml · kg−1 · min−1 · yr−1) vs. sedentary (−0.40 ± 0.12 ml · kg−1 · min−1 · yr−1) group, but the relative rates of decline were not different (−1.8 ± 0.3 vs. −1.5 ± 0.4% per year). Differences in rates of decline in V˙o 2 max were not related to changes in body mass or maximal heart rate. However, among endurance-trained women, the relative rate of decline inV˙o 2 max was positively related to reductions in training volume ( r = 0.63). Consistent with this, the age-related reduction inV˙o 2 max in a subgroup of endurance-trained women who maintained or increased training volume was not different from that of sedentary women. These longitudinal data indicate that the greater decrease in maximal aerobic capacity with advancing age observed in middle-aged and older endurance-trained women in general compared with their sedentary peers is due to declines in habitual exercise in some endurance-trained women. Endurance-trained women who maintain or increase training volume demonstrated age-associated declines in maximal aerobic capacity not different from healthy sedentary women.

Age-related declines in maximal aerobic capacity in regularly exercising vs. sedentary women: a meta-analysis

1997 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 160-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret D. Fitzgerald ◽  
Hirofumi Tanaka ◽  
Zung V. Tran ◽  
Douglas R. Seals
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Maximal Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Rate Of Decline ◽  
Sedentary Women ◽  
Exercise Status

Fitzgerald, Margaret D., Hirofumi Tanaka, Zung V. Tran, and Douglas R. Seals. Age-related declines in maximal aerobic capacity in regularly exercising vs. sedentary women: a meta-analysis. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(1): 160–165, 1997.—Our purpose was to determine the relationship between habitual aerobic exercise status and the rate of decline in maximal aerobic capacity across the adult age range in women. A meta-analytic approach was used in which mean maximal oxygen consumption (V˙o 2 max) values from female subject groups (ages 18–89 yr) were obtained from the published literature. A total of 239 subject groups from 109 studies involving 4,884 subjects met the inclusion criteria and were arbitrarily separated into sedentary (groups = 107; subjects = 2,256), active (groups = 69; subjects = 1,717), and endurance-trained (groups = 63; subjects = 911) populations.V˙o 2 max averaged 29.7 ± 7.8, 38.7 ± 9.2, and 52.0 ± 10.5 ml ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1, respectively, and was inversely related to age within each population ( r = −0.82 to −0.87, all P < 0.0001). The rate of decline inV˙o 2 max with increasing subject group age was lowest in sedentary women (−3.5 ml ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1⋅ decade−1), greater in active women (−4.4 ml ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1⋅ decade−1), and greatest in endurance-trained women (−6.2 ml ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1 ⋅ decade−1) (all P < 0.001 vs. each other). When expressed as percent decrease from mean levels at age ∼25 yr, the rates of decline inV˙o 2 max were similar in the three populations (−10.0 to −10.9%/decade). There was no obvious relationship between aerobic exercise status and the rate of decline in maximal heart rate with age. The results of this cross-sectional study support the hypothesis that, in contrast to the prevailing view, the rate of decline in maximal aerobic capacity with age is greater, not smaller, in endurance-trained vs. sedentary women. The greater rate of decline inV˙o 2 max in endurance-trained populations may be related to their higher values as young adults (baseline effect) and/or to greater age-related reductions in exercise volume; however, it does not appear to be related to a greater rate of decline in maximal heart rate with age.

Maximal aerobic capacity across age in healthy Hispanic and Caucasian women

2001 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 1048-1054 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian C. Schiller ◽  
Yoli G. Casas ◽  
Christopher A. Desouza ◽  
Douglas R. Seals
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Relative Rate ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Maximal Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Or Education ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Caucasian Women ◽  
Rate Of Decline

We tested the hypothesis that the age-related decline in maximal aerobic capacity, as measured by maximal oxygen uptake (V˙o 2 max), is greater in Hispanic than in Caucasian women. We studied 146 healthy sedentary women aged 20–75 yr: 53 Hispanic (primarily of Mexican descent) and 93 Caucasian (non-Hispanic white). The groups did not differ in mean age, body mass, percent body fat, estimated physical activity-related energy expenditure, or education-based socioeconomic status (SES). During maximal exercise, respiratory exchange ratio, rating of perceived exertion, and percent predicted maximal heart rate were similar across age and ethnicity, suggesting equivalent maximum voluntary efforts in all subjects. V˙o 2 max(ml · kg−1 · min−1) was inversely related to age ( P < 0.01) in Caucasian ( r =−0.68) and Hispanic ( r = −0.61) women. The absolute rate of decline in V˙o 2 maxwith age was the same in the two groups (−0.31 ml · kg−1 · min−1 · yr−1). The relative rate of decline (% from age 25 yr) also was similar in the Caucasian (−9.0%) and Hispanic (−9.2%) women. When subjects of all ages were pooled, mean levels ofV˙o 2 max were similar in the two groups (∼28 ml · kg−1 · min−1). These results, the first to our knowledge in Hispanics, indicate that mean levels of V˙o 2 max, as well as the rate of decline in V˙o 2 max with age, are similar in healthy sedentary Hispanic and Caucasian women of similar SES. Thus it does not appear that Hispanic ethnicity per se modulates maximal aerobic capacity in this population.

Meta-analysis of the age-associated decline in maximal aerobic capacity in men: relation to training status

2000 ◽  
Vol 278 (3) ◽  
pp. H829-H834 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa M. Wilson ◽  
Hirofumi Tanaka
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Maximal Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Rate Of Decline ◽  
Exercise Status

Based on cross-sectional data, we recently reported that, in contrast to the prevailing view, the rate of decline in maximal oxygen consumption (V˙o 2 max) with age is greater in physically active compared with sedentary healthy women. We tested this hypothesis in men using a meta-analytic study ofV˙o 2 max values in the published literature. A total of 242 studies (538 subject groups and 13,828 subjects) met the inclusion criteria and were arbitrarily separated into sedentary (214 groups, 6,231 subjects), active (159 groups, 5,621 subjects), and endurance-trained (165 groups, 1,976 subjects) populations. Body fat percent increased with age in sedentary and active men ( P < 0.001), whereas no change was observed in endurance-trained men.V˙o 2 max was inversely and strongly related to age within each population ( r = −0.80 to −0.88, all P < 0.001) and was highest in endurance-trained and lowest in sedentary populations at any age. Absolute rates of decline inV˙o 2 max with age were not different ( P > 0.05) in sedentary (−4.0 ml ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1 ⋅ decade−1), active (−4.0), and endurance-trained (−4.6) populations. Similarly, there were no group differences ( P > 0.05) in the relative (%) rates of decline inV˙o 2 max with advancing age (−8.7, −7.3, and −6.8%/decade, respectively). Maximal heart rate was inversely related to age within each population ( r = −0.88 to −0.93, all P < 0.001), but the rate of age-related reduction was not different among the populations. There was a significant decline in running mileage and speed with advancing age in the endurance-trained men. The present cross-sectional meta-analytic findings do not support the hypothesis that the rate of decline inV˙o 2 max with age is related to habitual aerobic exercise status in men.

Greater rate of decline in maximal aerobic capacity with age in endurance-trained than in sedentary men

2003 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 2406-2413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annemarie E. Pimentel ◽  
Christopher L. Gentile ◽  
Hirofumi Tanaka ◽  
Douglas R. Seals ◽  
Phillip E. Gates
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Treadmill Exercise ◽  
Relative Rate ◽  
Maximal Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Marked Decline ◽  
Rate Of Decline ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Exercise Status ◽  
Percent Decrease

To determine the relation between habitual endurance exercise status and the age-associated decline in maximal aerobic capacity [i.e., maximal O2consumption (V˙o2 max)] in men, we performed a well-controlled cross-sectional laboratory study on 153 healthy men aged 20–75 yr: 64 sedentary and 89 endurance trained.V˙o2 max(ml · kg−1· min−1), measured by maximal treadmill exercise, was inversely related to age in the endurance-trained ( r = −0.80) and sedentary ( r = −0.74) men but was higher in the endurance-trained men at any age. The rate of decline inV˙o2 maxwith age (ml · kg−1· min−1) was greater ( P < 0.001) in the endurance-trained than in the sedentary men. Whereas the relative rate of decline inV˙o2 max(percent decrease per decade from baseline levels in young adulthood) was similar in the two groups, the absolute rate of decline inV˙o2 maxwas −5.4 and −3.9 ml · kg−1· min−· decade−1in the endurance-trained and sedentary men, respectively.V˙o2 maxdeclined linearly across the age range in the sedentary men but was maintained in the endurance-trained men until ∼50 yr of age. The accelerated decline inV˙o2 maxafter 50 yr of age in the endurance-trained men was related to a decline in training volume ( r = 0.46, P < 0.0001) and was associated with an increase in 10-km running time ( r = −0.84, P < 0.0001). We conclude that the rate of decline in maximal aerobic capacity during middle and older age is greater in endurance-trained men than in their sedentary peers and is associated with a marked decline in O2pulse.

scholarly journals Validity of Prediction Equations of Maximal Heart Rate in Physically Active Female Adolescents and the Role of Maturation

Medicina ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (11) ◽  
pp. 735
Author(s):  
Papadopoulou ◽  
Papadopoulou ◽  
Alipasali ◽  
Hatzimanouil ◽  
Rosemann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Female Adolescents ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Prediction Equations ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Testing Tool ◽  
Shuttle Run

Background and objectives: Maximal heart rate (HRmax) is an important training and testing tool, especially in the context of evaluating intensity in exercise prescription; however, few studies have examined the validity of prediction equations of HRmax in physically active female adolescents and the role of maturation level. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the differences between measured and predicted HRmax in a sample of physically active female adolescents. Materials and Methods: Seventy-one selected volleyball players (age 13.3 ± 0.7 years, body mass 62.0 ± 7.2 kg, height 1.72 ± 0.06 m) performed a 20 m shuttle run endurance test, and the actual HRmax was compared with Tanaka HRmax (‘208 − 0.7 × age’) and Fox HRmax (‘220 − age’). Results: A large main effect of assessment method on HRmax was found (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.486) with Fox overestimating actual HRmax by 6.8 bpm (95% confidence intervals, CI; 4.2, 9.3) and Tanaka underestimating actual HRmax by −2.6 bpm (95% CI; −5.1, −0.1). The more matured participants had similar actual HRmax (mean difference −2.4 bpm; 95% CI; −6.5, 1.7; p = 0.242, d = −0.28), difference Fox − actual HRmax (1.5 bpm; 95% CI; −2.6, 5.6, p = 0.466, d = 0.17), and difference Tanaka − actual HRmax (1.7 bpm; 95% CI; −2.4, 5.8; p = 0.414, d = 0.19) to the less matured participants. Conclusions: These findings suggest that age-based prediction equations of HRmax developed in adult populations should be applied with caution in physically active female adolescents, and Tanaka should be preferred instead of the Fox equation.

A Modified Step Test Based on a Function of Subjects' Stature

1997 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 987-993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Candi D. Ashley ◽  
Joe F. Smith ◽  
Paul D. Reneau
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Step Height ◽  
Step Test ◽  
Knee Angle ◽  
Maximal Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Recovery Heart Rate ◽  
Rate Step ◽  
Queens College ◽  
Lower Recovery

A number of submaximal step tests have been developed to predict maximal aerobic capacity. Because step height may influence biomechanical efficiency and heart rate, step tests based on subjects' stature may more accurately predict maximal aerobic capacity. Eighteen women performed the Queens College step test and a modified Queens College step test. The modified step test was performed with the height of the bench set even with the height of the foot at a knee angle of 90°. Analysis of the data indicated a lower recovery heart rate following this test ( p<.05). Further, correlations between maximal aerobic capacity and recovery heart rate for both tests were moderate ( r = −.80 and −.75, respectively). Our results suggest that step tests based on subjects' stature do not more accurately predict aerobic capacity than those using a standardized bench height.

Decline in VO2max with aging in master athletes and sedentary men

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. 2195-2199 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Rogers ◽  
J. M. Hagberg ◽  
W. H. Martin ◽  
A. A. Ehsani ◽  
J. O. Holloszy
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Master Athletes ◽  
Endurance Exercise Training ◽  
Age Related ◽  
O2 Pulse ◽  
Rate Of Decline ◽  
Sedentary Subjects

Fifteen well-trained master endurance athletes [62.0 +/- 2.3 (SE) yr] and 14 sedentary control subjects (61.4 +/- 1.4 yr) were reevaluated after an average follow-up period of approximately 8 yr to obtain information regarding the effects of physical activity on the age-related decline in maximal O2 uptake capacity (VO2max). The master athletes had been training for 10.2 +/- 2.9 yr before initial testing and continued to train during the follow-up period. The sedentary subjects' VO2max declined by an average of 3.3 ml.kg-1.min-1 (33.9 +/- 1.7 vs. 30.6 +/- 1.6, P less than 0.001) over the course of the study, a decline of 12% per decade. In these subjects maximal heart rate declined 8 beats/min (171 vs. 163) and maximal O2 pulse decreased from 0.20 to 0.18 ml.kg-1.beat (P less than 0.05). The master athletes' VO2 max decreased by an average of 2.2 ml.kg-1.min-1 (54.0 +/- 1.7 vs. 51.8 +/- 1.8, P less than 0.05), a 5.5% decline per decade. The master athletes' maximal heart rate was unchanged (171 +/- 3 beats/min) and their maximal O2 pulse decreased from 0.32 to 0.30 ml.kg-1.beat (P less than 0.05). These findings provide evidence that the age-related decrease in VO2max of master athletes who continue to engage in regular vigorous endurance exercise training is approximately one-half the rate of decline seen in age-matched sedentary subjects. Furthermore our results suggest that endurance exercise training may reduce the rate of decline in maximal heart rate that typically occurs as an individual ages.

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