Running Speed at Predicted Maximal Heart Rate as an Assessment of Maximal Aerobic Capacity in Trained Teenaged Runners

Fitzgerald, Margaret D., Hirofumi Tanaka, Zung V. Tran, and Douglas R. Seals. Age-related declines in maximal aerobic capacity in regularly exercising vs. sedentary women: a meta-analysis. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(1): 160–165, 1997.—Our purpose was to determine the relationship between habitual aerobic exercise status and the rate of decline in maximal aerobic capacity across the adult age range in women. A meta-analytic approach was used in which mean maximal oxygen consumption (V˙o 2 max) values from female subject groups (ages 18–89 yr) were obtained from the published literature. A total of 239 subject groups from 109 studies involving 4,884 subjects met the inclusion criteria and were arbitrarily separated into sedentary (groups = 107; subjects = 2,256), active (groups = 69; subjects = 1,717), and endurance-trained (groups = 63; subjects = 911) populations.V˙o 2 max averaged 29.7 ± 7.8, 38.7 ± 9.2, and 52.0 ± 10.5 ml ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1, respectively, and was inversely related to age within each population ( r = −0.82 to −0.87, all P < 0.0001). The rate of decline inV˙o 2 max with increasing subject group age was lowest in sedentary women (−3.5 ml ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1⋅ decade−1), greater in active women (−4.4 ml ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1⋅ decade−1), and greatest in endurance-trained women (−6.2 ml ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1 ⋅ decade−1) (all P < 0.001 vs. each other). When expressed as percent decrease from mean levels at age ∼25 yr, the rates of decline inV˙o 2 max were similar in the three populations (−10.0 to −10.9%/decade). There was no obvious relationship between aerobic exercise status and the rate of decline in maximal heart rate with age. The results of this cross-sectional study support the hypothesis that, in contrast to the prevailing view, the rate of decline in maximal aerobic capacity with age is greater, not smaller, in endurance-trained vs. sedentary women. The greater rate of decline inV˙o 2 max in endurance-trained populations may be related to their higher values as young adults (baseline effect) and/or to greater age-related reductions in exercise volume; however, it does not appear to be related to a greater rate of decline in maximal heart rate with age.

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Greater rate of decline in maximal aerobic capacity with age in physically active vs. sedentary healthy women

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1997.83.6.1947 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 83 (6) ◽

pp. 1947-1953 ◽

Cited By ~ 114

Author(s):

Hirofumi Tanaka ◽

Christopher A. Desouza ◽

Pamela P. Jones ◽

Edith T. Stevenson ◽

Kevin P. Davy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Aerobic Capacity ◽

Relative Rate ◽

Maximal Heart Rate ◽

Absolute Rate ◽

Maximal Aerobic Capacity ◽

Physically Active ◽

Healthy Women ◽

The Absolute ◽

Rate Of Decline

Tanaka, Hirofumi, Christopher A. DeSouza, Pamela P. Jones, Edith T. Stevenson, Kevin P. Davy, and Douglas R. Seals. Greater rate of decline in maximal aerobic capacity with age in physically active vs. sedentary healthy women. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(6): 1947–1953, 1997.—Using a meta-analytic approach, we recently reported that the rate of decline in maximal oxygen uptake (V˙o 2 max) with age in healthy women is greatest in the most physically active and smallest in the least active when expressed in milliliters per kilogram per minute per decade. We tested this hypothesis prospectively under well-controlled laboratory conditions by studying 156 healthy, nonobese women (age 20–75 yr): 84 endurance-trained runners (ET) and 72 sedentary subjects (S). ET were matched across the age range for age-adjusted 10-km running performance. Body mass was positively related with age in S but not in ET. Fat-free mass was not different with age in ET or S. Maximal respiratory exchange ratio and rating of perceived exertion were similar across age in ET and S, suggesting equivalent voluntary maximal efforts. There was a significant but modest decline in running mileage, frequency, and speed with advancing age in ET.V˙o 2 max(ml ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1) was inversely related to age ( P < 0.001) in ET ( r = −0.82) and S ( r = −0.71) and was higher at any age in ET. Consistent with our meta-analysic findings, the absolute rate of decline inV˙o 2 max was greater in ET (−5.7 ml ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1 ⋅ decade−1) compared with S (−3.2 ml ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1 ⋅ decade−1; P < 0.01), but the relative (%) rate of decline was similar (−9.7 vs −9.1%/decade; not significant). The greater absolute rate of decline inV˙o 2 max in ET compared with S was not associated with a greater rate of decline in maximal heart rate (−5.6 vs. −6.2 beats ⋅ min−1 ⋅ decade−1), nor was it related to training factors. The present cross-sectional findings provide additional evidence that the absolute, but not the relative, rate of decline in maximal aerobic capacity with age may be greater in highly physically active women compared with their sedentary healthy peers. This difference does not appear to be related to age-associated changes in maximal heart rate, body composition, or training factors.

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Training-Load Distribution in Endurance Runners: Objective Versus Subjective Assessment

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2014-0557 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 1023-1028 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Vincenzo Manzi ◽

Antonio Bovenzi ◽

Carlo Castagna ◽

Paola Sinibaldi Salimei ◽

Maurizio Volterrani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Training Load ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Maximal Heart Rate ◽

Long Distance ◽

Running Speed ◽

Training Time ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Training Methodologies

Purpose:To assess the distribution of exercise intensity in long-distance recreational athletes (LDRs) preparing for a marathon and to test the hypothesis that individual perception of effort could provide training responses similar to those provided by standardized training methodologies.Methods:Seven LDRs (age 36.5 ± 3.8 y) were followed during a 5-mo training period culminating with a city marathon. Heart rate at 2.0 and 4.0 mmol/L and maximal heart rate were used to establish 3 intensity training zones. Internal training load (TL) was assessed by training zones and TRIMPi methods. These were compared with the session-rating-of-perceived-exertion (RPE) method.Results:Total time spent in zone 1 was higher than in zones 2 and 3 (76.3% ± 6.4%, 17.3% ± 5.8%, and 6.3% ± 0.9%, respectively; P = .000 for both, ES = 0.98, ES = 0.99). TL quantified by session-RPE provided the same result. The comparison between session-RPE and training-zones-based methods showed no significant difference at the lowest intensity (P = .07, ES = 0.25). A significant correlation was observed between TL RPE and TL TRIMPi at both individual and group levels (r = .79, P < .001). There was a significant correlation between total time spent in zone 1 and the improvement at the running speed of 2 mmol/L (r = .88, P < .001). A negative correlation was found between running speed at 2 mmol/L and the time needed to complete the marathon (r = –.83, P < .001).Conclusions:These findings suggest that in recreational LDRs most of the training time is spent at low intensity and that this is associated with improved performances. Session-RPE is an easy-to-use training method that provides responses similar to those obtained with standardized training methodologies.

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A Modified Step Test Based on a Function of Subjects' Stature

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1997.85.3.987 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 85 (3) ◽

pp. 987-993 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Candi D. Ashley ◽

Joe F. Smith ◽

Paul D. Reneau

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Aerobic Capacity ◽

Step Height ◽

Step Test ◽

Knee Angle ◽

Maximal Aerobic Capacity ◽

Recovery Heart Rate ◽

Rate Step ◽

Queens College ◽

Lower Recovery

A number of submaximal step tests have been developed to predict maximal aerobic capacity. Because step height may influence biomechanical efficiency and heart rate, step tests based on subjects' stature may more accurately predict maximal aerobic capacity. Eighteen women performed the Queens College step test and a modified Queens College step test. The modified step test was performed with the height of the bench set even with the height of the foot at a knee angle of 90°. Analysis of the data indicated a lower recovery heart rate following this test ( p<.05). Further, correlations between maximal aerobic capacity and recovery heart rate for both tests were moderate ( r = −.80 and −.75, respectively). Our results suggest that step tests based on subjects' stature do not more accurately predict aerobic capacity than those using a standardized bench height.

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Physiological Characteristics of Musical Theatre Performers and the Effect on Cardiorespiratory Demand Whilst Singing and Dancing

Medical Problems of Performing Artists ◽

10.21091/mppa.2020.1007 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 54-58 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

N Stephens ◽

Matthew Wyon

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Blood Lactate ◽

Anaerobic Threshold ◽

Aerobic Capacity ◽

Professional Training ◽

Musical Theatre ◽

Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽

Breathing Frequency ◽

Maximal Aerobic Capacity ◽

Lactate Levels

AIMS: Musical theatre (MT) combines acting, singing, and dancing within a performance. The purpose of the current study was two-fold: 1) to report on the cardiorespiratory fitness of pre-professional MT dancers, and 2) to examine the cardiorespiratory demand of singing whilst dancing. METHODS: Twenty-one participants (16 females, 5 males; age 20±1.23 yrs; height 169.1±9.24 cm; weight 62.7±10.56) in their final year of pre-professional training volunteered for the study. All participants performed a maximal aerobic capacity test on a treadmill using a portable breath-by-breath gas analyser. Nine participants completed a 4-minute section from Chorus Line twice, singing and dancing and just dancing, in a randomised order whilst wearing the same portable gas analyser. Blood lactate was measured at the end of each trial. RESULTS: Male participants had significantly greater peak oxygen consumption (M vs F, 67.6±2.30 vs 55.6±4.42 mL/kg/min, p<0.001) and anaerobic threshold (% of peak VO2) (54.6±4.04% vs 43.1±3.68%, p<0.001), whilst maximum heart rate and heart rate at anaerobic threshold were similar. The physiological demands of dancing vs singing + dancing were similar, with the exception of the singing + dancing trial having significantly reduced mean breathing frequency and increased lactate (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: MT dancers’ aerobic capacity is greater than that observed in other theatre-based dance genres. The observed breathing frequency and lactate differences in the Chorus Line trails could be due to singing reducing breathing frequency, thereby influencing cardiorespiratory recovery mechanics and subsequently blood lactate levels.

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Effects of Chronic Hookah Consumption on Aerobic Capacity, Resting and Sub-maximal Heart Rate in Men Who Are Trained and Untrained

ranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion ◽

10.29252/ijhehp.8.2.187 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 187-194

Author(s):

Saeid Nasiri ◽

Mahmoud Nikseresht ◽

Abdolhossein Taheri Kalani ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Aerobic Capacity ◽

Maximal Heart Rate

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Comparison of structured and unstructured physical activity training on predicted VO2max and heart rate variability in adolescents – a randomized control trial

Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology ◽

10.1515/jbcpp-2016-0117 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 28 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Vivek Kumar Sharma ◽

Senthil Kumar Subramanian ◽

Krishnakumar Radhakrishnan ◽

Rajathi Rajendran ◽

Balasubramanian Sulur Ravindran ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Heart Rate ◽

Heart Rate Variability ◽

Body Fat ◽

Aerobic Capacity ◽

Body Fat Percentage ◽

Fat Percentage ◽

Maximal Aerobic Capacity ◽

And Gender

AbstractBackground:Physical inactivity contributes to many health issues. The WHO-recommended physical activity for adolescents encompasses aerobic, resistance, and bone strengthening exercises aimed at achieving health-related physical fitness. Heart rate variability (HRV) and maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) are considered as noninvasive measures of cardiovascular health. The objective of this study is to compare the effect of structured and unstructured physical training on maximal aerobic capacity and HRV among adolescents.Methods:We designed a single blinded, parallel, randomized active-controlled trial (Registration No. CTRI/2013/08/003897) to compare the physiological effects of 6 months of globally recommended structured physical activity (SPA), with that of unstructured physical activity (USPA) in healthy school-going adolescents. We recruited 439 healthy student volunteers (boys: 250, girls: 189) in the age group of 12–17 years. Randomization across the groups was done using age and gender stratified randomization method, and the participants were divided into two groups: SPA (n=219, boys: 117, girls: 102) and USPA (n=220, boys: 119, girls: 101). Depending on their training status and gender the participants in both SPA and USPA groups were further subdivided into the following four sub-groups: SPA athlete boys (n=22) and girls (n=17), SPA nonathlete boys (n=95) and girls (n=85), USPA athlete boys (n=23) and girls (n=17), and USPA nonathlete boys (n=96) and girls (n=84).Results:We recorded HRV, body fat%, and VO2 max using Rockport Walk Fitness test before and after the intervention. Maximum aerobic capacity and heart rate variability increased significantly while heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and body fat percentage decreased significantly after both SPA and USPA intervention. However, the improvement was more in SPA as compared to USPA.Conclusions:SPA is more beneficial for improving cardiorespiratory fitness, HRV, and reducing body fat percentage in terms of magnitude than USPA in adolescent individuals irrespective of their gender and sports activities.

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Comparison of on-ice and off-ice graded exercise testing in collegiate hockey players

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/h09-129 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 35-39 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

John J. Durocher ◽

Angela J. Guisfredi ◽

Darin T. Leetun ◽

Jason R. Carter

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Exercise Testing ◽

Aerobic Capacity ◽

Cycle Ergometry ◽

National Hockey League ◽

Maximal Heart Rate ◽

Graded Exercise Testing ◽

Hockey Players ◽

Graded Exercise ◽

Specific Manner

The purpose of this study was to compare lactate thresholds (LT) and maximal aerobic capacities (VO2 max) during sport-specific skating (on ice) and cycle ergometry (off ice) in collegiate hockey players. We hypothesized that VO2 max and LT would be higher on ice. We also sought to determine if on-ice and off-ice VO2 max values were correlated. Twelve collegiate hockey players performed both graded exercise protocols in randomized order to fatigue. Both protocols included 80 s of work during each stage, followed by 40 s of rest to allow for blood lactate sampling. VO2 max was significantly higher on ice (46.9 ± 1.0 mL·kg–1·min–1) than off ice (43.6 ± 0.9 mL·kg–1·min–1; p < 0.05). Maximal heart rate (HRmax) was also higher on ice (192.2 ± 1.8 beats·min–1) than off ice (186.0 ± 1.5 beats·min–1; p < 0.01). LT was drastically higher on ice than off ice as a percentage of VO2 max (85.9% ± 1.9% vs. 69.7% ± 1.3%; p < 0.01) and HRmax (90.1% ± 1.3% vs. 79.4% ± 1.6%; p < 0.01). Finally, no correlation existed between VO2 max values off ice and on ice (r = –0.002; p = 0.99). Our results indicate that off-ice VO2 max and LT are not adequate predictors of on-ice VO2 max and LT in collegiate hockey players. These findings challenge the use of cycle ergometry to assess aerobic capacity at events such as the National Hockey League Entry Draft combine. We suggest that hockey players be tested in a sport-specific manner, regardless of whether those tests are performed on ice or off ice.

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Cardiac scope in amphibians: transition to terrestrial life

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z91-280 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 69 (7) ◽

pp. 2010-2013 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Stanley S. Hillman

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Stroke Volume ◽

Aerobic Capacity ◽

Important Determinant ◽

Volume Changes ◽

Maximal Aerobic Capacity ◽

Content Difference ◽

Terrestrial Life ◽

Systemic Oxygen ◽

Primary Problem

Systemic oxygen transport essentially limits maximal aerobic capacity in amphibians and consequently may be an important determinant of aerobically supported behaviors. Exercise widens arteriovenous oxygen content difference (5×) and increases heart rate (2×), whereas stroke volume changes very little over resting values. Dehydration is the primary problem facing amphibians in the transition to terrestrial life. Dehydration influences cardiac scope by imposing hyperosmotic, hypovolemic, and hyperviscous stresses on cardiac function. The ability to compensate for hypovolemic stress is the principal adaptation sustaining cardiac scope in more dehydration-tolerant amphibians.

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