Effects of cross-education on the muscle after a period of unilateral limb immobilization using a shoulder sling and swathe

2010 ◽  
Vol 109 (6) ◽  
pp. 1887-1894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlene R. A. Magnus ◽  
Trevor S. Barss ◽  
Joel L. Lanovaz ◽  
Jonathan P. Farthing
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Thickness ◽  
Elbow Flexion ◽  
Voluntary Activation ◽  
Muscle Size ◽  
Triceps Brachii ◽  
Cross Education ◽  
Triceps Brachii Muscle ◽  
And Control ◽  
Limb Immobilization ◽  
Shoulder Sling

The purpose of this study was to apply cross-education during 4 wk of unilateral limb immobilization using a shoulder sling and swathe to investigate the effects on muscle strength, muscle size, and muscle activation. Twenty-five right-handed participants were assigned to one of three groups as follows: the Immob + Train group wore a sling and swathe and strength trained ( n = 8), the Immob group wore a sling and swathe and did not strength train ( n = 8), and the Control group received no treatment ( n = 9). Immobilization was applied to the nondominant (left) arm. Strength training consisted of maximal isometric elbow flexion and extension of the dominant (right) arm 3 days/wk. Torque (dynamometer), muscle thickness (ultrasound), maximal voluntary activation (interpolated twitch), and electromyography (EMG) were measured. The change in right biceps and triceps brachii muscle thickness [7.0 ± 1.9 and 7.1 ± 2.2% (SE), respectively] was greater for Immob + Train than Immob (0.4 ± 1.2 and −1.9 ± 1.7%) and Control (0.8 ± 0.5 and 0.0 ± 1.1%, P < 0.05). Left biceps and triceps brachii muscle thickness for Immob + Train (2.2 ± 0.7 and 3.4 ± 2.1%, respectively) was significantly different from Immob (−2.8 ± 1.1 and −5.2 ± 2.7%, respectively, P < 0.05). Right elbow flexion strength for Immob + Train (18.9 ± 5.5%) was significantly different from Immob (−1.6 ± 4.0%, P < 0.05). Right and left elbow extension strength for Immob + Train (68.1 ± 25.9 and 32.2 ± 9.0%, respectively) was significantly different from the respective limb of Immob (1.3 ± 7.7 and −6.1 ± 7.8%) and Control (4.7 ± 4.7 and −0.2 ± 4.5%, P < 0.05). Immobilization in a sling and swathe decreased strength and muscle size but had no effect on maximal voluntary activation or EMG. The cross-education effect on the immobilized limb was greater after elbow extension training. This study suggests that strength training the nonimmobilized limb benefits the immobilized limb for muscle size and strength.

scholarly journals “NO LOAD” resistance training increases functional capacity and muscle size in hospitalized female patients: A pilot study

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matheus Barbalho ◽  
Victor Silveira Coswig ◽  
Martim Bottaro ◽  
Claudio Andre Barbosa De Lira ◽  
Mário Hebling Campos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Functional Performance ◽  
Biceps Brachii ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Muscle Thickness ◽  
Elbow Flexion ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
Muscle Size ◽  
Triceps Brachii ◽  
Elastic Bands

The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of resistance training performed with no external load (NLRT) versus resistance training performed with elastic bands (RTEB) on muscle hypertrophy and functional performance in hospitalized patients. Twenty hospitalized females (age, 59.05±3.2 years; height 163.6±2.5 cm; body mass 70.2±3.6 kgs) were randomly assigned to RTEB or NLRT. Both groups trained three times a week for five weeks. RTEB was performed with elastic bands, while NLRT involved maximum voluntary contractions with no external loads. Biceps brachii, triceps brachii and pectoralis muscle thickness (MT) were measured by ultrasound. Functional performance was measured by the 30s elbow flexion test. MT significantly increased in all muscles tested for both groups, with no differences between groups. Changes ranged from 14 to 38%. Functional performance significantly improved by 42.7% for NLRT and 52.1% for RTEB, with no difference between them. The present results suggest that NLRT might be an efficient, feasible and low-cost strategy to promote morphological and functional benefits in the upper limb of hospitalized patients.

scholarly journals A Rare Case of Triceps Brachii Injury after Electrocution

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (01) ◽  
pp. 046-048
Author(s):  
Debora Lana ◽  
Luigi Tarallo ◽  
Fabio Catani
Keyword(s):  
Elbow Flexion ◽  
Tendon Injury ◽  
Triceps Brachii ◽  
Musculotendinous Junction ◽  
Steroid Injections ◽  
Direct Trauma ◽  
Triceps Brachii Muscle ◽  
Uncommon Case ◽  
Type Of Injury ◽  
Distal Tendon

AbstractInjuries of the triceps brachii muscle are a rare entity and mostly concern its distal tendon. These represent the least common of all muscle and tendons injuries. The most common reported causes are repeated strong physical efforts, a fall on an outstretched forearm when a sudden deceleration is put on contract triceps, or a direct trauma. High-dosed and prolonged corticosteroid therapies, repeated local steroid injections, chronic renal failure, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, hyperparathyroidism, and osteogenesis imperfecta are reported as systemic causes. Even rarer are lesions of muscle fibers and avulsions or rupture at its musculotendinous junction, and these can be caused by direct trauma or by forced elbow flexion during triceps contraction. To the best of our knowledge, there is no article in the literature describing this type of injury that occurred after electrocution. In this article, we report an uncommon case of intramuscular tear associated with insertional distal tendon injury occurred in a man survived to high-voltage electric discharge.

Evidence of a Ceiling Effect for Training Volume in Muscle Hypertrophy and Strength in Trained Men—Less is More?

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 268-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matheus Barbalho ◽  
Victor S. Coswig ◽  
James Steele ◽  
James P. Fisher ◽  
Jurgen Giessing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Muscle Hypertrophy ◽  
Biceps Brachii ◽  
Gluteus Maximus ◽  
Muscle Thickness ◽  
Muscle Performance ◽  
Muscle Size ◽  
Triceps Brachii ◽  
Less Is More ◽  
Time Interaction

Purpose: To compare the effects of different resistance training volumes on muscle performance and hypertrophy in trained men. Methods: Thirty-seven volunteers performed resistance training for 24 weeks, divided into groups that performed 5 (G5), 10 (G10), 15 (G15), and 20 (G20) sets per muscle group per week. Ten-repetition maximum (10RM) tests were performed for the bench press, lat pulldown, 45° leg press, and stiff-legged deadlift. Muscle thickness was measured using ultrasound at biceps brachii, triceps brachii, pectoralis major, quadriceps femoris, and gluteus maximus. All measurements were performed at the beginning (pre), 12 (mid), and 24 weeks (post) of training. Results: All groups showed significant increases in all 10RM tests and muscle thickness measures after 12 and 24 weeks when compared with pre (P < .05). There were no significant differences in any 10RM test or changes between G5 and G10 after 12 and 24 weeks. G5 and G10 showed significantly greater increases for 10RM than G15 and G20 for most exercises at 12 and 24 weeks. There was no group by time interaction for any muscle thickness measure. Conclusions: The results bring evidence of an inverted “U-shaped” curve for the dose–response curve for muscle strength. Although the same trend was noted for muscle hypertrophy, the results did not reach significance. Five to 10 sets per week might be sufficient for bringing about optimal gains in muscle size and strength in trained men over a 24-week period.

Muscle-fiber pennation angles are greater in hypertrophied than in normal muscles

1993 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 2740-2744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Kawakami ◽  
T. Abe ◽  
T. Fukunaga
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Fiber ◽  
Muscle Thickness ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Muscle Size ◽  
Triceps Brachii ◽  
Human Cadavers ◽  
Long Head ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Male Subjects

Muscle-fiber pennation angles were measured in vivo with the use of ultrasonography to investigate the relationship between fiber pennation and muscle size for 32 male subjects (from untrained subjects to highly trained bodybuilders). From the image of a B-mode ultrasonogram, fiber pennation angles and thickness of triceps brachii were determined, the former as angles between echoes from the interspaces of fascicles and from the aponeurosis of long and medial heads of triceps and the latter as the distance between the fat-muscle and muscle-bone interfaces. The pennation angles were in the range of 15 and 53 degrees for the long head and 9 to 26 degrees for the medial head, which were similar to or greater than the published and the present data on human cadavers. Significant differences were observed between normal subjects and bodybuilders in muscle thickness and pennation angles (P < 0.01), and there were significant correlations between muscle thickness and pennation angles for both long (r = 0.884) and medial (r = 0.833) heads of triceps, suggesting that muscle hypertrophy involves an increase in fiber pennation angles.

Determining the Effects of Cross-Education on Muscle Strength, Thickness and Cortical Activation Following Limb Immobilization: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Madelaine Haggert ◽  
Alan Pearce ◽  
Ashlyn Frazer ◽  
Simin Rahman ◽  
Dawson Kidgell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Muscle Thickness ◽  
Cortical Activation ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Cortical Level ◽  
Cross Education ◽  
Limb Immobilization

Purpose: Cross-education (CE) increases strength of both the trained and untrained limb, with emerging evidence, suggesting CE could be used to attenuate muscle strength and thickness following periods of limb immobilization. This study examined the available evidence for the clinical efficacy of CE to attenuate muscle strength, thickness and neural activation during limb immobilization. Methods: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of CE on muscle strength, thickness and activation of an immobilized limb.  The evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were pooled to assess effect estimates for changes in strength, muscle thickness and neural activation of the untrained immobilized limb. Results: CE attenuated muscle strength in 5 RCTs (n= 78) which reported a SMD of 1.60 (95% CI 0.62, 2.59; P = 0.001) and muscle thickness, with an SMD of 1.52 (95% CI 0.22, 2.81; P = 0.02) compared to control. There was no difference in muscle activation (SMD of 0.08; 95% CI -0.34, 0.50; P = 0.72), regions of cortical activation (MD 31.8; 95% CI -22.71, 86.31; P = 0.25) or corticospinal excitability (MD 5.2; 95% CI -2.38, 12.78; P = 0.18) compared to control.    Conclusions: These results show that strength training the free limb via cross-education maintains muscle strength and muscle thickness of the immobilized limb compared to control (immobilization only). Because there was no effect on muscle activation, but a large mean difference in cortical activation, it is likely that the attenuation of muscle strength is due to neural adaptations at a cortical level.

Motor unit activity during human single joint movements

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 1982-1990 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Garland ◽  
J. D. Cooke ◽  
K. J. Miller ◽  
T. Ohtsuki ◽  
T. Ivanova
Keyword(s):  
Motor Unit ◽  
Unit Activity ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Motor Units ◽  
Elbow Flexion ◽  
Triceps Brachii ◽  
Motor Unit Activity ◽  
Triceps Muscle ◽  
Acceleration And Deceleration ◽  
Triceps Brachii Muscle

1. To explore the neural control of single joint movements in humans, the activity of 47 motor units in triceps brachii muscle was recorded during elbow flexion and extension movements. Movements were performed with different but changing deceleration magnitudes, while the acceleration magnitude was kept constant, to determine the relationship between motor unit activity and the acceleration and deceleration characteristics of single joint movements. 2. The number of motor unit action potentials was found to vary with the magnitude of the movement deceleration. In addition the duration of the discharge of a motor unit was found to parallel the duration of the acceleration phase of the movement, when the acceleration duration was varied while acceleration magnitude was kept constant. 3. Approximately half of the recorded motor units in triceps brachii were active both in the initiation and in the termination of the extension movements. However, motor units were identified that participated in specific phases of the movement (i.e., either during the 1st agonist or 2nd agonist burst of muscle activity) depending on the magnitude of the acceleration or deceleration. 4. During flexion movements, when the triceps muscle served as an antagonist, approximately half of the motor units were recruited only when the magnitude of the flexion deceleration was large. Further, this deceleration magnitude was larger than that evident during the extension movements in which the motor unit discharged. 5. The findings of this study demonstrate that the nervous system activates the same motor units whether the muscle is functioning as an agonist or antagonist so as to control the characteristics of acceleration and deceleration of single joint movements.

scholarly journals Orbicularis Oculi Muscle Size and Function: Exploring the Influence of Aging and Exercise Training

Cosmetics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Takashi Abe ◽  
Jeremy P. Loenneke
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Muscle Hypertrophy ◽  
Peak Velocity ◽  
Muscle Thickness ◽  
Muscle Size ◽  
Sphincter Muscle ◽  
Orbicularis Oculi Muscle ◽  
Orbicularis Oculi ◽  
And Function

The orbicularis oculi muscle is the sphincter muscle of the eyelids that blinks and closes the eyes. In this review, our aim was threefold: (1) to introduce the performance characteristics of blinking activity in young and older adults, (2) to discuss the influence of aging on the orbicularis oculi muscle in healthy adults, and (3) to provide information about the effect of facial exercise training on the orbicularis oculi muscle. To achieve the purpose of this review, a search using two electronic databases (PubMed and Scopus) and a search engine (Google Scholar) was conducted. The amplitude and peak velocity of spontaneously blinking behavior, which is an index of muscle function of the orbicularis oculi, appear to be affected by aging. The muscle thickness of the orbicularis oculi tends to be low in older adults, but there are issues that need to be examined further, such as differences in sex and measurement positions. There was no study on the effect of exercise training; however, the results of a highly trained man indicate that the orbicularis oculi muscles might elicit muscle hypertrophy through non-traditional resistance exercise.

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