3D fascicle orientations in triceps surae

2013 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manku Rana ◽  
Ghassan Hamarneh ◽  
James M. Wakeling
Keyword(s):  
Plantar Flexion ◽  
Azimuthal Angle ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Major Axis ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Pennation Angle ◽  
Triceps Surae ◽  
Muscle Fascicle ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
3D Information

The aim of this study was to determine the three-dimensional (3D) muscle fascicle architecture in human triceps surae muscles at different contraction levels and muscle lengths. Six male subjects were tested for three contraction levels (0, 30, and 60% of maximal voluntary contraction) and four ankle angles (−15, 0, 15, and 30° of plantar flexion), and the muscles were imaged with B-mode ultrasound coupled to 3D position sensors. 3D fascicle orientations were represented in terms of pennation angle relative to the major axis of the muscle and azimuthal angle (a new architectural parameter introduced in this study representing the radial angle around the major axis). 3D orientations of the fascicles, and the sheets along which they lie, were regionalized in all the three muscles (medial and lateral gastrocnemius and the soleus) and changed significantly with contraction level and ankle angle. Changes in the azimuthal angle were of similar magnitude to the changes in pennation angle. The 3D information was used for an error analysis to determine the errors in predictions of pennation that would occur in purely two-dimensional studies. A comparison was made for assessing pennation in the same plane for different contraction levels, or for adjusting the scanning plane orientation for different contractions: there was no significant difference between the two simulated scanning conditions for the gastrocnemii; however, a significant difference of 4.5° was obtained for the soleus. Correct probe orientation is thus more critical during estimations of pennation for the soleus than the gastrocnemii due to its more complex fascicle arrangement.

scholarly journals 3D curvature of muscle fascicles in triceps surae

2014 ◽  
Vol 117 (11) ◽  
pp. 1388-1397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manku Rana ◽  
Ghassan Hamarneh ◽  
James M. Wakeling
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Stability ◽  
Plantar Flexion ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Muscle Length ◽  
3D Ultrasound ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Triceps Surae ◽  
Intramuscular Pressure ◽  
2D Ultrasound ◽  
Muscle Fascicles

Muscle fascicles curve along their length, with the curvatures occurring around regions of high intramuscular pressure, and are necessary for mechanical stability. Fascicles are typically considered to lie in fascicle planes that are the planes visualized during dissection or two-dimensional (2D) ultrasound scans. However, it has previously been predicted that fascicles must curve in three-dimensional (3D) and thus the fascicle planes may actually exist as 3D sheets. 3D fascicle curvatures have not been explored in human musculature. Furthermore, if the fascicles do not lie in 2D planes, then this has implications for architectural measures that are derived from 2D ultrasound scans. The purpose of this study was to quantify the 3D curvatures of the muscle fascicles and fascicle sheets within the triceps surae muscles and to test whether these curvatures varied among different contraction levels, muscle length, and regions within the muscle. Six male subjects were tested for three torque levels (0, 30, and 60% maximal voluntary contraction) and four ankle angles (−15, 0, 15, and 30° plantar flexion), and fascicles were imaged using 3D ultrasound techniques. The fascicle curvatures significantly increased at higher ankle torques and shorter muscle lengths. The fascicle sheet curvatures were of similar magnitude to the fascicle curvatures but did not vary between contractions. Fascicle curvatures were regionalized within each muscle with the curvature facing the deeper aponeuroses, and this indicates a greater intramuscular pressure in the deeper layers of muscles. Muscle architectural measures may be in error when using 2D images for complex geometries such as the soleus.

Muscle afferent and central command contributions to the cardiovascular response to isometric exercise of postural muscle in patients with mild chronic heart failure

2001 ◽  
Vol 100 (6) ◽  
pp. 643-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. CARRINGTON ◽  
W. J. FISHER ◽  
M. K. DAVIES ◽  
M. J. WHITE
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Chronic Heart Failure ◽  
Diastolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Plantar Flexion ◽  
Isometric Exercise ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Triceps Surae ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Muscle Afferent

The roles of muscle afferent activity and central drive in controlling the compromised cardiovascular system of patients with mild chronic heart failure (CHF) during isometric exercise were examined. Blood pressure and heart rate responses were recorded in eight stable CHF patients (ejection fraction 20–40%; age 62±11 years) and in nine healthy age-matched controls during voluntary and electrically evoked isometric plantar flexion and subsequent post-exercise circulatory occlusion (PECO). During voluntary contraction, control subjects had a greater mean increase in systolic blood pressure than patients (42.4±19.2 and 23.0±10.9 mmHg respectively; P < 0.01), but this was not the case during PECO. During electrically evoked contraction, but not during PECO, the CHF group had smaller (P < 0.05) mean increases in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure than controls (13.0±5.3 compared with 25.4±14.0 mmHg and 7.6±3.0 compared with 12.9±7.2 mmHg respectively). Intra-group comparison between responses to voluntary and electrically evoked contractions revealed greater (P < 0.05) mean increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure during the voluntary contraction in both the patients and the control subjects. These data suggest that muscle afferent drive to the pressor response from the triceps surae is low in this age group, both in control subjects and in CHF patients. Additionally, the patients may have a relatively desensitized muscle mechanoreceptor reflex.

scholarly journals ATFL repair alone versus combined repairs of ATFL and CFL

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 2473011417S0002
Author(s):  
Kenneth Hunt ◽  
Judas Kelley ◽  
Richard Fuld ◽  
Nicholas Anderson ◽  
Todd Baldini
Keyword(s):  
Contact Area ◽  
Peak Pressure ◽  
Plantar Flexion ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Lateral Ligament ◽  
Joint Stability ◽  
Intact Specimen ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact

Category: Ankle Introduction/Purpose: The standard for lateral ligament stabilization is direct repair of the ATFL by open or arthroscopic technique. The implications and necessity of repairing the CFL are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of repairing the ATFL alone compared to repairing both the ATFL and CFL, in a biomechanical cadaver model. We hypothesized that repairing the CFL will substantially augment ankle and subtalar joint stability during weight-bearing ankle inversion compared to ATFL repair alone. Methods: Ten matched pairs of fresh frozen human cadaveric ankles were dissected to expose intact ATFL and CFL. Ankles were mounted to an Instron at 20° plantar flexion and 15° of internal rotation. Each ankle was loaded to body weight and then tested from 0 to 20° of inversion for three cycles; stiffness and torque were recorded, peak pressure and contact area were recorded using a calibrated Tekscan sensor system, and rotational displacement of the talus and calcaneus relative to the ankle mortise was recorded using a three-dimensional motion capture system. Ankles then underwent sectioning of ATFL and CFL and were randomly assigned to ATFL only repair using two arthroscopic Broström all-soft anchors, or combined ATFL and CFL repair. Testing was repeated after repair to 20° of inversion, then load-to-failure (LTF). Results: The predominant mode of failure after repair was at the tissue/suture. There were no instances of anchor pullout. There was an 11.7% increase in stiffness in combined repairs, and only a 1.6% increase in ATFL-only repairs. CFL failed at lower torque and rotation than the ATFL in combined repairs. There were strong correlations between intact stiffness and stiffness after repair (r=.74) and ATFL torque in LTF testing (r=.77), across both groups. There was no significant difference in peak pressure or contact area in the tibiotalar joint between the intact ankle and ATFL or combined repair. Conclusion: We found a greater increase in stiffness following combined ATFL and CFL repair compared to ATFL repair alone. This added stability is due to complimentary contributions of the CFL, not augmented LTF strength of the ATFL. Intact specimen stiffness correlated strongly with stiffness after repair and LTF torque, suggesting that a patient’s inherent tissue laxity or inelasticity is likely a meaningful predictor of strength after repair. Restoring the CFL plays a relevant role in lateral ligament repair, however sufficient time for ligament healing should be allowed before substantial inversion stresses are applied.

Effects of contraction intensity on muscle fascicle and stretch reflex behavior in the human triceps surae

2008 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 226-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil J. Cronin ◽  
Jussi Peltonen ◽  
Masaki Ishikawa ◽  
Paavo V. Komi ◽  
Janne Avela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stretch Reflex ◽  
Force Production ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Short Latency ◽  
Afferent Feedback ◽  
Triceps Surae ◽  
Medial Gastrocnemius ◽  
Stretch Reflexes ◽  
Muscle Fascicle ◽  
Human Triceps Surae

The aims of this study were to examine changes in the distribution of a stretch to the muscle fascicles with changes in contraction intensity in the human triceps surae and to relate fascicle stretch responses to short-latency stretch reflex behavior. Thirteen healthy subjects were seated in an ankle ergometer, and dorsiflexion stretches (8°; 250°/s) were applied to the triceps surae at different moment levels (0–100% of maximal voluntary contraction). Surface EMG was recorded in the medial gastrocnemius, soleus, and tibialis anterior muscles, and ultrasound was used to measure medial gastrocnemius and soleus fascicle lengths. At low forces, reflex amplitudes increased despite a lack of change or even a decrease in fascicle stretch velocities. At high forces, lower fascicle stretch velocities coincided with smaller stretch reflexes. The results revealed a decline in fascicle stretch velocity of over 50% between passive conditions and maximal force levels in the major muscles of the triceps surae. This is likely to be an important factor related to the decline in stretch reflex amplitudes at high forces. Because short-latency stretch reflexes contribute to force production and stiffness regulation of human muscle fibers, a reduction in afferent feedback from muscle spindles could decrease the efficacy of human movements involving the triceps surae, particularly where high force production is required.

scholarly journals Architectural and functional specifics of the human triceps surae muscle in vivo and its adaptation to microgravity

2019 ◽  
Vol 126 (4) ◽  
pp. 880-893 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuri A. Koryak
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Length ◽  
Plantar Flexion ◽  
Force Production ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Triceps Surae ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Contraction Times ◽  
Main Determinants ◽  
General Physical

Long-term exposure to microgravity (μG) is known to reduce the strength of a skeletal muscle contraction and the level of general physical performance in humans, while little is known about its effect on muscle architecture. Architectural and contractile properties of the triceps surae (TS) muscle were determined in vivo for male cosmonauts in response ( n = 8) to a spaceflight (213.0 ± 30.5 days). The maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), tetanic tension ( Ро), and voluntary and electrically evoked contraction times and force deficiency (Pd) were determined. The ankle was positioned at 15° dorsiflexion (−15°) and 0, 15, and 30° plantar flexion, with the knee set at 90°. At each position, longitudinal ultrasonic images of the medial (MG) and lateral (LG) gastrocnemius and soleus (SOL) muscles were obtained while the subject was relaxed. After a spaceflight, MVC and Pо decreased by 42 and 26%, respectively, and Pd increased by 50%. The rate of tension of a voluntary contraction substantially reduced but evoked contractions remained unchanged. In the passive condition, fiber length ( Lf) changed from 43, 57, and 35 mm (knee, 0°; ankle, −15°) to 34, 38, and 25 mm (knee, 0°; ankle, 30°) for MG, LG, and SOL, respectively, and Θf changed from 27, 21, and 23° (knee, 0°; ankle, −15°) to 43, 29, and 34° (knee, 0°; ankle, 30°) for MG, LG, and SOL, respectively. Different Lf and Θf, and their changes after spaceflight, might be related to differences in force-producing capabilities of the muscles and elastic characteristics of tendons and aponeuroses. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The present work was the first to combine measuring the fiber length and pennation angle (ultrasound imaging) as main determinants of mechanical force production and evaluating the muscle function after a long-duration spaceflight. The results demonstrate that muscles with different functional roles may differently respond to unloading, and this circumstance is important to consider when planning rehabilitation after unloading of any kind, paying particular attention to postural muscles.

The Influence of Fascicle Behavior on the Lack of Velocity Dependence in Eccentric Joint Torque in Humans: In Vivo Observation

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kentaro Chino ◽  
Naotoshi Mitsukawa ◽  
Kai Kobayashi ◽  
Yusuke Miyoshi ◽  
Toshiaki Oda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plantar Flexion ◽  
Triceps Surae ◽  
Joint Torque ◽  
Fascicle Length ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Isometric Torque ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Real Time Ultrasonography

To investigate the relationship between fascicle behavior and joint torque, the fascicle behavior of the triceps surae during isometric and eccentric (30 and 60 deg/s) plantar flexion by maximal voluntary and submaximal electrical activation (MVA and SEA) was measured by real-time ultrasonography. Eccentric torque at 30 and 60 deg/s was significantly higher than isometric torque under SEA, but not under MVA. However, fascicle length did not significantly differ between isometric and eccentric trials under either condition. Therefore, the difference in developed torque by MVA and SEA cannot be explained by fascicle behavior. Under both MVA and SEA conditions, eccentric torque at 30 and 60 deg/s was equivalent. Similarly, fascicle lengthening velocities at 30 and 60deg/s did not show any significant difference. Such fascicle behavior can be attributed to the influence of tendinous tissue and pennation angle, and lead to a lack of increase in eccentric torque with increasing angular velocity.

Pointing the Foot Without Sickling: An Examination of Ankle Movement During Jumping

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle N Jarvis ◽  
Kornelia Kulig
Keyword(s):  
Plantar Flexion ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Foot And Ankle ◽  
Vector Coding ◽  
Dance Training ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ankle Movement ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Coordination Patterns

The sauté is a relatively simple dance jump that can be performed by both highly skilled dancers and non-dancers. However, there are characteristics of jumping unique to trained dancers, especially in terms of foot and ankle movement during flight. Dancers are trained not to “sickle,” or to avoid the anatomically coupled ankle inversion that occurs with plantar flexion, maintaining the appearance of a straight line through the lower leg and foot. The purpose of this study was to examine ankle movements in elite dancers compared to non-dancers. Twenty healthy females, 10 with no prior dance training and 10 professional dancers, performed 20 consecutive sautés while three-dimensional kinematic data were collected. Sagittal and frontal plane kinematics were calculated and vector coding methods were used to quantify coordination patterns within the ankle in the sagittal and frontal planes. This pattern was chosen for analysis to identify the avoidance of a sickled foot by trained dancers. Peak ankle positions and coordination patterns between groups were examined using independent t-tests (a<0.05). Dancers demonstrated greater peak plantar flexion (p<0.01) and less change in ankle angle during the flight phase (p=0.01), signifying holding the pointed foot position during flight. There was no statistically significant difference in sagittal and frontal plane ankle coupling (p=0.15); however, the Cohen’s d effect size for the difference in coupling was medium-to-large (0.73). Dynamic analysis of the foot and ankle during jumping demonstrates how elite dancers achieve the aesthetic requirements of dance technique.

scholarly journals Muscle inactivation: assessment of interpolated twitch technique

1996 ◽  
Vol 81 (5) ◽  
pp. 2267-2273 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Behm ◽  
D. M. M. St-Pierre ◽  
D. Perez
Keyword(s):  
Plantar Flexion ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Leg Extension ◽  
Interpolated Twitch Technique ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hyperbolic Curve ◽  
Force Relationship

Behm, D. G., D. M. M. St-Pierre, and D. Perez. Muscle inactivation: assessment of interpolated twitch technique. J. Appl. Physiol. 81(5): 2267–2273, 1996.—The validity, reliability, and protocol for the interpolated twitch technique (ITT) were investigated with isometric plantar flexor and leg extension contractions. Estimates of muscle inactivation were attempted by comparing a variety of superimposed with potentiated evoked torques with submaximal and maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torques or forces. The use of nerve and surface stimulation to elicit ITT was reliable, except for problems in maintaining maximal stimulation with nerve stimulation at 20° plantar flexion and during leg extension. The interpolated twitch ratio-force relationship was best described by a shallow hyperbolic curve resulting in insignificant MVC prediction errors with second-order polynomials (1.1–6.9%). The prediction error under 40% MVC was approximately double that over 60% MVC, contributing to poor estimations of MVC in non-weight-bearing postimmobilized ankle fracture patients. There was no significant difference in the ITT sensitivity when twitches, doublets, or quintuplets were used. The ITT was valid and reliable when high-intensity contractions were analyzed with a second-order polynomial.

Musculotendon Parameters and Musculoskeletal Pathways Within the Human Foot

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa R. Lachowitzer ◽  
Anne Ranes ◽  
Gary T. Yamaguchi
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Pennation Angle ◽  
Fascicle Length ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Human Foot ◽  
Volume Weight ◽  
Bony Landmarks ◽  
Muscle Fascicle ◽  
Musculoskeletal Models

In order to create a flexible model of the foot for dynamic musculoskeletal models, anthropometric data combined with geometric information describing the intrinsic musculature are needed. In this study, the left feet of two male and two female cadavers were dissected to expose the intrinsic musculotendon pathways. Three-dimensional coordinates of bony landmarks, tendon origins, insertions, and via points were digitized to submillimeter accuracy. Muscle architectural parameters were also measured, including volume, weight, and pennation angle and sarcomere, fascicle, and free tendon lengths. Optimal muscle fascicle lengths, pennation angles at optimal length, physiological cross-sectional areas (PCSA), and tendon slack lengths were calculated from the directly measured values. Fascicle length and pennation angle varied greatly within each subject. Average fascicle lengths normalized by optimal fascicle length varied between 0.73 and 1.25, with 75% of the formalin-preserved muscles being found in a shortened state. The muscle volume and PCSA also had a large variability within subjects but less variation between subjects. The ratio of tendon slack length to optimal fascicle length was found to vary between 1.05 and 9.56. Using this data, a deformable model of the foot can now be created. It is envisioned that deformable feet will significantly improve

scholarly journals Force Generation of the Hallux is More Sensitive to the Ankle and Metatarsophalangeal Joint Angle Than the Lesser Toes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junya Saeki ◽  
Soichiro Iwanuma ◽  
Suguru Torii
Keyword(s):  
Plantar Flexion ◽  
Metatarsophalangeal Joint ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Force Generation ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Neutral Position ◽  
Signed Rank ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Signed Rank Test ◽  
Metatarsophalangeal Joints

Abstract Background: Because the structure of the hallux is independent of that of the lesser toes and it uses different muscles to move, the force generation characteristics of the hallux could be independent of those of the lesser toes. The purpose of this study is to clarify the torque–angle relationships in the first and second–fifth metatarsophalangeal joints (MTPJs).Methods: Ten healthy young men served as volunteers in this study. The maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of the plantar-flexion torques of the first and second–fifth MTPJs were measured at 0°, 15°, 30°, and 45° dorsiflexed positions of the MTPJs and 20° plantar-flexed, neutral, and 20° dorsiflexed positions of the ankle. The Friedman test and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test with a Holm correction was used for the ankle and MTPJ angles.Results: When the first MTPJ was 0° to DF30°, the MVC torque of the first MTPJ at DF20° of the ankle was higher than at PF20°of the ankle. On the other hand, no significant difference existed between the MVC torques of the second–fifth MTPJs at any ankle position. When the ankle was in a neutral position, the MVC of the first MTPJ torque increased as the MTPJ was dorsiflexed. However, the MVC torques of the second through fifth MTPJs did not significantly differ for the 15°, 30°, and 45° dorsiflexed positions of the MTPJ.Conclusion: The MVC torque of the first MTPJ is more sensitive to the MTPJ and ankle positions than the second–fifth MTPJs.

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