scholarly journals Saccade suppression exerts global effects on the motor system

2013 ◽  
Vol 110 (4) ◽  
pp. 883-890 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan R. Wessel ◽  
H. Sequoyah Reynoso ◽  
Adam R. Aron
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Motor System ◽  
Control Function ◽  
Suppressive Effect ◽  
Abrupt Onset ◽  
Attentional Focus ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Temporal Precision ◽  
Motor Effects

Stopping inappropriate eye movements is a cognitive control function that allows humans to perform well in situations that demand attentional focus. The stop-signal task is an experimental model for this behavior. Participants initiate a saccade toward a target and occasionally have to try to stop the impending saccade if a stop signal occurs. Prior research using a version of this paradigm for limb movements (hand, leg) as well as for speech has shown that rapidly stopping action leads to apparently global suppression of the motor system, as indexed by the corticospinal excitability (CSE) of task-unrelated effectors in studies with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of M1. Here we measured CSE from the hand with high temporal precision while participants made saccades and while they successfully and unsuccessfully stopped these saccades in response to a stop signal. We showed that 50 ms before the estimated time at which a saccade is successfully stopped there was reduced CSE for the hand, which was task irrelevant. This shows that rapidly stopping eye movements also has global motor effects. We speculate that this arises because rapidly stopping eye movements, like skeleto-motor movements, is possibly achieved via input to the subthalamic nucleus of the basal ganglia, with a putatively broad suppressive effect on thalamocortical drive. Since recent studies suggest that this suppressive effect could also impact nonmotor representations, the present finding points to a possible mechanistic basis for some kinds of distractibility: abrupt-onset stimuli will interrupt ongoing processing by generating global motor and nonmotor effects.

scholarly journals Measurement of the extraocular spike potential during saccade countermanding

2011 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Godlove ◽  
Anna K. Garr ◽  
Geoffrey F. Woodman ◽  
Jeffrey D. Schall
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Motor System ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Spike Potential ◽  
Spinal Motor ◽  
Manual Responses ◽  
Eeg Recordings ◽  
Electroencephalogram Eeg ◽  
No Activation

The stop signal task is used to investigate motor inhibition. Several groups have reported partial electromyogram (EMG) activation when subjects successfully withhold manual responses and have used this finding to define the nature of response inhibition properties in the spinal motor system. It is unknown whether subthreshold EMG activation from extraocular muscles can be detected in the saccadic response version of the stop signal task. The saccadic spike potential provides a way to examine extraocular EMG activation associated with eye movements in electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings. We used several techniques to isolate extraocular EMG activation from anterior electrode locations of EEG recorded from macaque monkeys. Robust EMG activation was present when eye movements were made, but no activation was detected when saccades were deemed canceled. This work highlights a key difference between the spinal motor system and the saccade system.

scholarly journals Stopping a response has global or nonglobal effects on the motor system depending on preparation

2012 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 384-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Greenhouse ◽  
Caitlin L. Oldenkamp ◽  
Adam R. Aron
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Motor System ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Proactive Control ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Do So

Much research has focused on how people stop initiated response tendencies when instructed by a signal. Stopping of this kind appears to have global effects on the motor system. For example, by delivering transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the leg area of the primary motor cortex, it is possible to detect suppression in the leg when the hand is being stopped (Badry R et al. Suppression of human cortico-motoneuronal excitability during the stop-signal task. Clin Neurophysiol 120: 1717–1723, 2009). Here, we asked if such “global suppression” can be observed proactively, i.e., when people anticipate they might have to stop. We used a conditional stop signal task, which allows the measurement of both an “anticipation phase” (i.e., where proactive control is applied) and a “stopping” phase. TMS was delivered during the anticipation phase ( experiment 1) and also during the stopping phase ( experiments 1 and 2) to measure leg excitability. During the anticipation phase, we did not observe leg suppression, but we did during the stopping phase, consistent with Badry et al. (2009) . Moreover, when we split the subject groups into those who slowed down behaviorally (i.e., exercised proactive control) and those who did not, we found that subjects who slowed did not show leg suppression when they stopped, whereas those who did not slow did show leg suppression when they stopped. These results suggest that if subjects prepare to stop, then they do so without global effects on the motor system. Thus, preparation allows them to stop more selectively.

scholarly journals Group-ICA with Functional Connectivity During Inhibition Control in Young Adults With Autistic-like Traits: an fMRI Study of a Stop-Signal Task

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaxu Yu ◽  
Li He ◽  
qiu jiang
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Control Function ◽  
Brain Connectivity ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Functional Connections ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Group Ica ◽  
Inhibition Control

Abstract BackgroundFew studies explored response inhibition in autistic-like traits people, using task fMRI. In this study, we examine the functional connectivity of the brain using a stop-signal task based on fMRI among young adults with autistic-like traits and investigated their ability to achieve inhibition control.Methods29 of Chinese individuals measured with AQ. Then applied stop signal task to explore the difference in brain functional connectivity in individuals with autistic-like traits.ResultsThe results showed autistic-like traits people the longer the SSRT, the worse the inhibition ability. And we used networks obtained from groupICA analysis at the functional connectivity analysis level, the SN had a negative connection with left SMG; the DAN had a negative connection with left LG; the FPN had a positive connection with left PCG; the LN had a positive connection with vermis 4 5 and negative connection with left ITG. Furthermore, the SMG, LG, PCG, and temporal gyrus were also obtained in ROI-to-ROI analysis.LimitationsOur sample size smaller, still need to multicenter, large sample confirmed this conclusion. We want to use more task paradigms to explore inhibition control in autistic-like traits people.ConclusionsWe found that autistic-like traits people had atypical functional connectivity within brain networks in the SN, DAN, FPN, and LN, and had atypical brain areas centered on the SMG, LG, PCG, and temporal gyrus. And also highlight the importance of considering executive control function of whole-brain functional connections to better characterize brain connectivity in young adults with autistic-like traits.

Adjustments to Proactive Motor Inhibition without Effector-Specific Foreknowledge Are Reflected in a Bilateral Upregulation of Sensorimotor β-Burst Rates

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 784-798 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheol Soh ◽  
Megan Hynd ◽  
Benjamin O. Rangel ◽  
Jan R. Wessel
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Motor System ◽  
Baseline Period ◽  
Proactive Inhibition ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Movement Initiation ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Subsequent Work ◽  
Band Activity

Abstract Classic work using the stop-signal task has shown that humans can use inhibitory control to cancel already initiated movements. Subsequent work revealed that inhibitory control can be proactively recruited in anticipation of a potential stop-signal, thereby increasing the likelihood of successful movement cancellation. However, the exact neurophysiological effects of proactive inhibitory control on the motor system are still unclear. On the basis of classic views of sensorimotor β-band activity, as well as recent findings demonstrating the burst-like nature of this signal, we recently proposed that proactive inhibitory control is implemented by influencing the rate of sensorimotor β-bursts during movement initiation. Here, we directly tested this hypothesis using scalp EEG recordings of β-band activity in 41 healthy human adults during a bimanual RT task. By comparing motor responses made in two different contexts—during blocks with or without stop-signals—we found that premovement β-burst rates over both contralateral and ipsilateral sensorimotor areas were increased in stop-signal blocks compared to pure-go blocks. Moreover, the degree of this burst rate difference indexed the behavioral implementation of proactive inhibition (i.e., the degree of anticipatory response slowing in the stop-signal blocks). Finally, exploratory analyses showed that these condition differences were explained by a significant increase in β bursting that was already present during baseline period before the movement initiation signal. Together, this suggests that the strategic deployment of proactive inhibitory motor control is implemented by upregulating the tonic inhibition of the motor system, signified by increased sensorimotor β-bursting both before and after signals to initiate a movement.

scholarly journals Inhibitory Control on a Stop Signal Task in Tourette Syndrome before and after Deep Brain Stimulation of the Internal Segment of the Globus Pallidus

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 461
Author(s):  
Francesca Morreale ◽  
Zinovia Kefalopoulou ◽  
Ludvic Zrinzo ◽  
Patricia Limousin ◽  
Eileen Joyce ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Brain Stimulation ◽  
Tourette Syndrome ◽  
Globus Pallidus ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Reactive Inhibition ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Deep Brain

As part of the first randomized double-blind trial of deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the globus pallidus (GPi) in Tourette syndrome, we examined the effect of stimulation on response initiation and inhibition. A total of 14 patients with severe Tourette syndrome were recruited and tested on the stop signal task prior to and after GPi-DBS surgery and compared to eight age-matched healthy controls. Tics were significantly improved following GPi-DBS. The main measure of reactive inhibition, the stop signal reaction time did not change from before to after surgery and did not differ from that of healthy controls either before or after GPi-DBS surgery. This suggests that patients with Tourette syndrome have normal reactive inhibition which is not significantly altered by GPi-DBS.

scholarly journals Is motor inhibition involved in the processing of sentential negation? An assessment via the Stop-Signal Task

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Montalti ◽  
Marta Calbi ◽  
Valentina Cuccio ◽  
Maria Alessandra Umiltà ◽  
Vittorio Gallese
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Motor Inhibition ◽  
Good Tool ◽  
Scientific Debate ◽  
Sentential Negation ◽  
Stop Signal Reaction Time ◽  
Methodological Considerations

AbstractIn the last decades, the embodied approach to cognition and language gained momentum in the scientific debate, leading to evidence in different aspects of language processing. However, while the bodily grounding of concrete concepts seems to be relatively not controversial, abstract aspects, like the negation logical operator, are still today one of the main challenges for this research paradigm. In this framework, the present study has a twofold aim: (1) to assess whether mechanisms for motor inhibition underpin the processing of sentential negation, thus, providing evidence for a bodily grounding of this logic operator, (2) to determine whether the Stop-Signal Task, which has been used to investigate motor inhibition, could represent a good tool to explore this issue. Twenty-three participants were recruited in this experiment. Ten hand-action-related sentences, both in affirmative and negative polarity, were presented on a screen. Participants were instructed to respond as quickly and accurately as possible to the direction of the Go Stimulus (an arrow) and to withhold their response when they heard a sound following the arrow. This paradigm allows estimating the Stop Signal Reaction Time (SSRT), a covert reaction time underlying the inhibitory process. Our results show that the SSRT measured after reading negative sentences are longer than after reading affirmative ones, highlighting the recruitment of inhibitory mechanisms while processing negative sentences. Furthermore, our methodological considerations suggest that the Stop-Signal Task is a good paradigm to assess motor inhibition’s role in the processing of sentence negation.

scholarly journals Effect of obesity on inhibitory control in preadolescents during stop-signal task. An event-related potentials study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graciela C. Alatorre-Cruz ◽  
Heather Downs ◽  
Darcy Hagood ◽  
Seth T. Sorensen ◽  
D. Keith Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Related Potentials

scholarly journals Cortical silent period reflects individual differences in action stopping performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Paci ◽  
Giulio Di Cosmo ◽  
Mauro Gianni Perrucci ◽  
Francesca Ferri ◽  
Marcello Costantini
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Silent Period ◽  
Intracortical Inhibition ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Behavioral Differences ◽  
Cortical Silent Period ◽  
Stop Signal Reaction Time

AbstractInhibitory control is the ability to suppress inappropriate movements and unwanted actions, allowing to regulate impulses and responses. This ability can be measured via the Stop Signal Task, which provides a temporal index of response inhibition, namely the stop signal reaction time (SSRT). At the neural level, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) allows to investigate motor inhibition within the primary motor cortex (M1), such as the cortical silent period (CSP) which is an index of GABAB-mediated intracortical inhibition within M1. Although there is strong evidence that intracortical inhibition varies during action stopping, it is still not clear whether differences in the neurophysiological markers of intracortical inhibition contribute to behavioral differences in actual inhibitory capacities. Hence, here we explored the relationship between intracortical inhibition within M1 and behavioral response inhibition. GABABergic-mediated inhibition in M1 was determined by the duration of CSP, while behavioral inhibition was assessed by the SSRT. We found a significant positive correlation between CSP’s duration and SSRT, namely that individuals with greater levels of GABABergic-mediated inhibition seem to perform overall worse in inhibiting behavioral responses. These results support the assumption that individual differences in intracortical inhibition are mirrored by individual differences in action stopping abilities.

scholarly journals Comparing three portable, tablet-based visuomotor tasks to laboratory versions: An assessment of test validity

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 205970021879914 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher D Bedore ◽  
Jasmine Livermore ◽  
Hugo Lehmann ◽  
Liana E Brown
Keyword(s):  
Test Validity ◽  
Neurological Status ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Double Step ◽  
Movement Timing ◽  
Visuomotor Processing ◽  
Visuomotor Tasks ◽  
Portable Tablet

The assessment of visuomotor function can provide important information about neurological status. Many tasks exist for testing visuomotor function in the laboratory, but the availability of portable, easy-to-use versions that allow reliable, accurate, and precise measurement of movement timing and accuracy has been limited. We developed a tablet application that uses three laboratory visuomotor tests: the double-step task, interception task, and stop-signal task. We asked the participants to perform both the lab and tablet versions of each task and compared their response patterns across equipment types to assess the validity of the tablet versions. On the double-step task, the participants adjusted to the displaced target adequately in both the lab and tablet versions. On the interception task, the participants intercepted nonaccelerating targets and performed worse on accelerating targets in both versions of the task. On the stop-signal task, the participants successfully inhibited their reaching movements on short stop-signal delays (50–150 ms) more frequently than on long stop-signal delays (200 ms) in both versions of the task. Our findings suggest that the tablet version of each task assesses visuomotor processing in the same way as their respective laboratory version, thus providing the research community with a new tool to assess visuomotor function.

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