Biophysical and Morphological Properties of Parasympathetic Neurons Controling the Parotid and von Ebner Salivary Glands in Rats

2005 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 678-686 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideyuki Fukami ◽  
Robert M. Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Parotid Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Membrane Properties ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
Parotid Glands ◽  
Membrane Hyperpolarization ◽  
Parasympathetic Neurons ◽  
Discharge Patterns ◽  
Repetitive Discharge

The inferior salivatory nucleus (ISN) contains parasympathetic neurons controlling the parotid and von Ebner salivary glands. To characterize the neurophysiological and morphological properties of these neurons, intracellular recordings were made from anatomically identified ISN neurons in rat brain slices. Neurons were also filled with Lucifer yellow and morphometrically analyzed. Based on responses to membrane hyperpolarization followed by depolarization, three types of repetitive discharge patterns were defined for neurons innervating the parotid gland. The regular, repetitive discharge response to membrane depolarization was changed by hyperpolarization resulting either in a delay in the occurrence of the first spike or to an increase in the length of the first interspike interval in the action potential train. Membrane hyperpolarization had little effect on the discharge pattern of some neurons. Similar response discharge patterns were found for neurons innervating the von Ebner salivary gland, which also included a further group of neurons that responded with a short burst of action potentials. Neurons innervating the parotid salivary glands differed morphologically from the von Ebner salivary glands having significantly larger soma and more and longer dendrites than von Ebner gland neurons. In addition, the mean membrane input resistance, time constant, and spike half-width of parotid gland neurons was significantly lower than in von Ebner gland neurons. These differences in intrinsic membrane properties and morphology may relate to the functions of the von Ebner and parotid glands. von Ebner glands are involved in taste stimulus delivery and removal from posterior tongue papillae while the parotid glands contribute saliva to the entire mouth.

FUNCTIONAL DISORDERSOF THE SALIVARY GLANDS IN PATIENTS WITH COMPRESSION AND DISLOCATION DYSFUNCTION OF THE TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT AND THEIR CORRECTION

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (7) ◽  
pp. 1695-1698
Author(s):  
Oleg V. Rybalov ◽  
Pavel I. Yatsenko ◽  
Olga Yu. Andriyanova ◽  
Elena S. Ivanytska ◽  
Maria A. Korostashova
Keyword(s):  
Parotid Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Functional State ◽  
Oral Fluid ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Parotid Glands ◽  
Posterior Teeth ◽  
Fluid Content ◽  
Lower Jaw ◽  
Before And After

The aim: Is to assess the functional state of parotid glands and general secretion in patients with compression, dislocation dysfunction of TMJ, to correct the revealed disorders. Materials and methods: We examined 46 patients with dysfunction of TMJ. Examination included TMJ zonography and salivary glands sonography. We studied the general and parotid secretion, transparency, viscosity, pH of the oral fluid and the secretions of the parotid glands before and after treatment. The treatment of dysfunction and hyposialosis included the repositioning of the articular heads of the lower jaw in the correct anatomical position, the use of a repositioning plate on the posterior teeth at the compression side of the articular head, bougienage of the duct of the parotid gland, administration of 10% magnesium-mineral solution of bischofite into the gland. Results: In patients with TMJ dysfunction, a significant decrease in the oral fluid content was noted before treatment. The saliva transparency was reduced, the viscosity was increased, the pH was slightly acidic. A study, which was carried out a month after completion of the course of treatment showed that all the studied parameters corresponded to those in healthy individuals. Conclusions: The study confirmed that in compression and dislocation dysfunction of TMJ, there are disorders of the functional state of the salivary glands.

Bilateral aplasia of parotid glands correlated with accessory parotid tissue

2006 ◽  
Vol 120 (4) ◽  
pp. 327-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Z Antoniades ◽  
A K Markopoulos ◽  
E Deligianni ◽  
D Andreadis
Keyword(s):  
Parotid Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Branchial Arch ◽  
Interesting Case ◽  
Rare Entity ◽  
Parotid Glands ◽  
Radiological Findings ◽  
Salivary Gland Tissue ◽  
Developmental Disturbances ◽  
Gland Tissue

Congenital absence of major salivary glands, especially the parotid gland, is a rare entity. It is usually monolateral and is not correlated with accessory salivary gland tissue. Aplasia of parotid gland may occur alone or in association with abnormalities of other salivary glands, first branchial arch developmental disturbances or other congenital anomalies.We report an interesting case of bilateral aplasia of the parotid glands together with bilateral accessory parotid tissue, without other congenital or developmental anomalies, and we describe the clinical and radiological findings.

scholarly journals IS THERE AN EARLY ULTRASONOGRAPHIC PATTERN IN SALIVARY GLANDS IN BOTH PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SJÖGREN SYNDROME?

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-37
Author(s):  
Vasilia Iorgoveanu ◽  
◽  
Violeta Bojinca ◽  
Madalina Gheorghe ◽  
Diana Mazilu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parotid Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Sjögren Syndrome ◽  
Biological Data ◽  
Inflammatory Disorder ◽  
Sjogren Syndrome ◽  
Parotid Glands ◽  
Submandibular Glands ◽  
Left And Right

Background. Sjögren syndrome (SS) is a systemic chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by lymphocytic infiltrates in exocrine organs. Ultrasonography (US) demonstrates specificity and sensibility in major salivary glands (SG) evaluation. Recent data confirm US might be used as primary evaluation technique for its ability to show structural alterations of parenchyma (1). Objective. To assess the gray scale (GS) parenchymal inhomogeneity of major SG in patients with established primary and secondary SS and correlate with clinical and biological data. Methods. Consecutive patients with SS were recruited and SG US was performed. Inhomogeneity of glandular parenchyma was quantified binary on each gland. ESSDAI and ESSPRI scores were calculated. Statistics was performed with SPSS. Results. Twenty one (42.85% primary SS, 90.47% female) consecutive patients were included. Mean age was 53.66+/-12.99 years and disease duration 5.33+/-3.74 years. Antibody SSA/SSB presence was found in 85.7% (18/21). ESSDAI mean was 8.67+/-8.9 (0-29), ESSPRI 10.13+/-5.59(0-20). There were no differences regarding ESSDAI and ESSPRI in the two groups (primary and secondary SS). Right parotid gland showed alterations in 71.4% patients (77% with primary SS, 66% with secondary SS). Frequently inhomogeneity was found in all major SG (33%, 22% left and right submandibular, 77%, 44.4% left and right parotid glands) in primary SS. Both submandibular glands were symmetrically involved (p<0.02). Duration of disease was negatively correlated to inhomogeneity of right parotid gland (p<0.02). Conclusion. Inhomogeneity in major SG in GS US was found in the majority of patients with primary and secondary SS. The symmetrical involvement of submandibular glands was significant. The inhomogeneity appears in the early period of diagnosis. No major differences were found between two groups.

scholarly journals Activity, distribution and regulation of phosphofructokinase in salivary gland of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Nicolau ◽  
Douglas Nesadal Souza ◽  
Fernando Neves Nogueira
Keyword(s):  
Parotid Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Active Form ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Phosphate Content ◽  
Soluble Enzyme ◽  
Parotid Glands ◽  
Streptozotocin Induced Diabetes ◽  
And Control

Although the influence of diabetes on salivary glands is well studied, it still presents conflicting results. In this work, the regulation of the phosphofructokinase-1 enzyme (PFK-1) was studied utilizing the salivary glands of rats. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/Kg of body weight) in rats (180-200 g). The animals were killed 30 days after the induction of diabetes and the submandibular and parotid salivary glands were used. Hyperglycemia was evaluated by blood sugar determination. The distribution of PFK-1 between the soluble and cytoskeleton fractions, the phosphate content of PFK-1, the content of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate and the activity of the PFK-2 enzyme were determined. The calculated relative glandular weight showed a higher value for the parotid gland in comparison with the control, but not for the submandibular gland. The activity of PFK-1 expressed per gland showed no variation between diabetic and control animals. However, considering the specific activity, the soluble enzyme presented a value 50% higher than that of the control and the cytoskeleton bound form increased by 84% compared to the control. For the parotid gland, no difference in the specific activity between diabetic and control animals was observed. On the other hand, the activity per gland of the soluble enzyme increased in the diabetic animals. The phosphate content of PFK-1 increased in the submandibular and parotid glands of diabetic rats. Both the content of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate and the active form of PFK-2 were reduced in the diabetic glands. In conclusion, the increase in the activity of PFK-1 observed in the salivary glands of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes does not seem to be due to its modulator fructose-2,6-bisphosphate.

Lymphoepithelial Carcinoma of the Parotid Glands and Its Relationship With Benign Lymphoepithelial Lesions

2008 ◽  
Vol 132 (2) ◽  
pp. 278-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Schneider ◽  
Clara Rizzardi
Keyword(s):  
Parotid Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Lymphocytic Infiltration ◽  
Lymphoepithelial Carcinoma ◽  
Parotid Glands ◽  
Neck Tumors ◽  
Lymphoepithelial Lesions

Abstract The salivary glands, despite their relatively simple morphology, give rise to more than 30 histologically distinct benign and malignant tumors. Salivary gland neoplasms comprise less than 2% of all tumors in humans and 3% of all head and neck tumors. They arise in the parotid gland in 80% of cases, and approximately 80% are benign and 20% are malignant. Among them are lymphoepithelial lesions, rare lesions of the salivary glands and especially of the parotid gland that are characterized by lymphocytic infiltration associated with an epithelial proliferation. They are divided into benign, which is considered as a tumorlike condition, and malignant, which is a rare carcinoma of the salivary glands. This article provides a review of the current knowledge on lymphoepithelial carcinoma with a look at its association with benign lesions and on the importance of making the correct diagnosis for the appropriate treatment.

Sialadenitis and Sialadenosis

2021 ◽  
pp. 136-157
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Parotid Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Fatty Infiltration ◽  
Kimura’S Disease ◽  
Parotid Glands ◽  
Chronic Sclerosing Sialadenitis ◽  
Underlying Disorder

In this chapter, the etiology and management of salivary gland inflammation (sialadenitis) and sialadenosis (sioalosis) are discussed. Causes of inflammatory disorders of the parotid gland include viral infections; bacterial infections; recurrent parotitis of childhood; papillary obstructive parotitis; granulomatous sialadenitis; autoimmune sialadenitis including Mickulicz disease, Sjogren's syndrome; and other autoimmune sialadenitis such as Wegener's granulomatosis, Kimura's disease, and chronic sclerosing sialadenitis. Sialadenosis is a chronic, diffuse, non-inflammatory, non-neoplastic disorder causing diffuse enlargement of salivary glands, usually the parotid glands. Grossly, there is only diffuse enlargement of the affected gland, and histologically, the condition is characterized by acinar hypertrophy and fatty infiltration. Patients present with painless, soft, and diffuse enlargement of both parotid glands. Treatment in the form of controlling the underlying disorder or withdrawing the incriminated drug helps sialosis to resolve.

ELIMINATION OF RADIOIODINE BY THE SHEEP PAROTID GLAND AFTER [131I]l-TRI-IODOTHYRONINE ADMINISTRATION

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-434
Author(s):  
A. ŚLEBODZIŃSKI
Keyword(s):  
Parotid Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Parotid Glands ◽  
Sheep Parotid

SUMMARY A study was made of the metabolism of [131I]l-tri-iodothyronine ([131I]T3), in sheep with a unilateral fistula of the parotid gland. After [131I]T3 injection a constant rise in radioactivity in the saliva and a decline in the radioactivity of the serum were found; detectable amounts of radioiodine reentered the circulation from the metabolized hormone after 1 h. Gel filtration showed that the radioactivity in the collected saliva was due to inorganic [131I]iodide. Such an effect might be caused by deiodination [131I]T3 which occurs in sheep parotid glands in vitro. The presence of tracer amounts of hormonal radioiodine in individual sheep could not be excluded. Non-specific deiodinating enzymes may exist in sheep parotid salivary glands.

scholarly journals The role of ultrasound in evaluating salivary glands swellings

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abd El-latif Ibrahim El-Rasheedy ◽  
Alaa Mohamed Abdel Rasoul Abdalla ◽  
Shaimaa Abdel-hamid Hassanein ◽  
Tarek Abdel Rahman Abdel Hafez ◽  
Heba Abdel-rehem Aboel-naga
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Parotid Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Diagnostic Tool ◽  
Parotid Glands ◽  
Neoplastic Lesion ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Neoplastic Lesions

Abstract Background Viral infection is the most common cause of salivary gland swelling as mumps which mainly affects the parotid glands. Sialolithiasis is another cause of obstruction of the salivary duct. A tumor is another cause of swelling. Around 70% of salivary gland tumors arise from the parotid glands. Benign lesions represent 57% of these tumors. Three to 5% of all tumors affecting the head and neck are represented in the salivary gland. Ultrasonography is considered a basic diagnostic tool in all salivary gland swellings. Our study is to evaluate the role of ultrasound in the evaluation of salivary glands swellings in comparison with a computed tomography scan. Results A total of 80 patients aged more than 1 year old with swellings affecting the salivary glands were collected from the out-patient clinic during the period from February 2020 to February 2021. All patients underwent ultrasonography and computed tomography examination of the neck. All submandibular gland lesions presented with sialolithiasis (40 cases) (100%), and 20 cases (50%) of parotid gland swellings presented as inflammation without stone (16 cases (40%) of acute inflammation and 4 cases (10%) with recurrent inflammation), while 4 patients only presented as sialolithiasis. Neoplastic lesions were diagnosed in 16 cases of the parotid gland group. Stones less than 3 mm were detected only by computed tomography in 5 patients (12.5%) of the submandibular group. Twenty-eight cases (70%) with stones ranged in size between 3 and 6 mm. Only 11 cases (27.5%) with stones ranged in size more than 6 mm. Of the 16 parotid swellings diagnosed with neoplastic lesions, 14 parotid cases (87%) showed well-defined margins by computed tomography and ultrasonography. Conclusions Sonography is the basic diagnostic tool in salivary glands swellings. Ultrasonography should be the initial imaging modality. Only in special cases, such as stones that could not be detected by ultrasonography or a neoplastic lesion in a deep location, or bone infiltration, computed tomography neck should be performed.

scholarly journals CHANGES IN CHROMATIN TEMPLATE ACTIVITY AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO DNA SYNTHESIS IN MOUSE PAROTID GLANDS STIMULATED BY ISOPROTERENOL

1972 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 554-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna M. Novi ◽  
Renato Baserga
Keyword(s):  
Parotid Gland ◽  
Rna Polymerase ◽  
Dna Synthesis ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Parotid Glands ◽  
Template Activity ◽  
Exogenous Rna ◽  
Chromatin Template ◽  
Liver Chromatin

Chromatin template activity of mouse parotid glands increases after a single injection of isoproterenol (IPR), a procedure that causes, after a lag period of 20 hr, a marked stimulation of DNA synthesis and cell division in salivary glands of rodents. The increase in chromatin template activity occurs as early as 1 hr and peaks between 6 and 10 hr after IPR, paralleling previously reported changes in the incorporation of uridine-3H into total cellular RNA of mouse parotids. Template activity was measured in vitro in a system in which parotid gland chromatin was incubated with an exogenous RNA polymerase isolated from Escherichia coli. Similar results were obtained when template activity of parotid gland chromatin was assayed using an homologous RNA polymerase from mouse liver. Chromatin template activity in mouse parotids was also studied after the administration of drugs capable of inducing in salivary glands both DNA synthesis and secretion or secretion alone. The results indicate that the increased chromatin template activity occurring 6 hr after IPR is related to the subsequent onset of DNA synthesis. Furthermore, the increased chromatin template activity caused by IPR is inhibited by the previous administration of puromycin, an inhibitor of IPR-stimulated DNA synthesis.

A First Branchial Cleft Anomaly Within the Parotid Gland

1980 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Koltai ◽  
Paul E. Winkelmann
Keyword(s):  
Parotid Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Parotid Tumor ◽  
Parotid Glands ◽  
Congenital Lesions ◽  
Parotid Swelling ◽  
Branchial Cleft

Although the parotid glands are affected more frequently by cysts and congenital lesions than other salivary glands, the benign multigerminal cyst arising from a duplication anomaly of the first branchial cleft within the parotid gland is extremely rare. Forty-two cases of this unusual cause of parotid swelling have been reported in the literature. An example of a first branchial cleft anomaly appearing clinically as a parotid tumor is reported.

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