scholarly journals A neuronal reward inequity signal in primate striatum

2016 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymundo Báez-Mendoza ◽  
Charlotte R. van Coeverden ◽  
Wolfram Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Decision Variable ◽  
Striatal Neurons ◽  
Sensitivity To Reward ◽  
Neuronal Mechanisms ◽  
Behavioral Sensitivity ◽  
Reward Information ◽  
Goal Directed Behavior

Primates are social animals, and their survival depends on social interactions with others. Especially important for social interactions and welfare is the observation of rewards obtained by other individuals and the comparison with own reward. The fundamental social decision variable for the comparison process is reward inequity, defined by an asymmetric reward distribution among individuals. An important brain structure for coding reward inequity may be the striatum, a component of the basal ganglia involved in goal-directed behavior. Two rhesus monkeys were seated opposite each other and contacted a touch-sensitive table placed between them to obtain specific magnitudes of reward that were equally or unequally distributed among them. Response times in one of the animals demonstrated differential behavioral sensitivity to reward inequity. A group of neurons in the striatum showed distinct signals reflecting disadvantageous and advantageous reward inequity. These neuronal signals occurred irrespective of, or in conjunction with, own reward coding. These data demonstrate that striatal neurons of macaque monkeys sense the differences between other's and own reward. The neuronal activities are likely to contribute crucial reward information to neuronal mechanisms involved in social interactions.

scholarly journals A Multimethod Examination of Sensitivity to Reward and Sensitivity to Punishment in Bipolar Disorder and Alcohol Dependence: Results from a 2 × 2 Factorial Design

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-77
Author(s):  
William Mellick ◽  
James J. Prisciandaro ◽  
Helena Brenner ◽  
Delisa Brown ◽  
Bryan K. Tolliver
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Alcohol Dependence ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Present Sample ◽  
Sensitivity To Reward ◽  
Self Report Data ◽  
Sensitivity To Punishment

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Shared neurobehavioral characteristics of bipolar disorder (BD) and alcohol dependence (AD), including heightened sensitivity to reward (SR), may account for high rates of BD and AD co-occurrence (BD + AD). However, empirical research is lacking. The present multimethod investigation examined SR and sensitivity to punishment (SP) among these patient groups using a reliable and well-validated self-report questionnaire of SR and SP along with a laboratory task specifically designed to distinguish SR and SP activation. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> One-hundred participants formed 4 groups: BD + AD (<i>n</i> = 40), BD (<i>n</i> = 18), AD (<i>n</i> = 25), and healthy controls (<i>n</i> = 17). Clinical interviews were administered, and participants completed the Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire (SPSR-Q) and the Point Score Reaction Test behavioral task. Pearson correlations, hierarchical linear regression, and 2 × 2 factorial general linear modeling with Bonferroni-corrected pairwise comparisons were performed. <b><i>Results:</i></b> BD and AD main effects were significant on self-reported SR and SP; however, BD × AD interactions were not. BD + AD individuals were significantly higher on self-reported SR than BD and AD individuals, yet all clinical groups were similar on SP. Behavioral response times did not distinguish groups nor did they associate with self-report data. <b><i>Discussion/Conclusion:</i></b> BD and AD had additive, rather than interactive, effects on self-reported SR and SP. The methods employed, paired with their application to the present sample, may account for a lack of positive findings with behavioral data.

Increased Behavioral Sensitivity to Repeated Experiences of Punishment in Children With ADHD: Experimental Studies Using the Matching Law

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 1665-1665
Author(s):  
Emi Furukawa ◽  
Brent Alsop ◽  
Shizuka Shimabukuro ◽  
Paula Sowerby ◽  
Stephanie Jensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Times ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Matching Law ◽  
Limited Attention ◽  
Time On Task ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Behavioral Sensitivity ◽  
Operant Task ◽  
English Speaking

Background: Research on altered motivational processes in ADHD has focused on reward. The sensitivity of children with ADHD to punishment has received limited attention. We evaluated the effects of punishment on the behavioral allocation of children with and without ADHD from the United States, New Zealand, and Japan, applying the generalized matching law. Methods: Participants in two studies (Furukawa et al., 2017, 2019) were 210 English-speaking (145 ADHD) and 93 Japanese-speaking (34 ADHD) children. They completed an operant task in which they chose between playing two simultaneously available games. Rewards became available every 10 seconds on average, arranged equally across the two games. Responses on one game were punished four times as often as responses on the other. The asymmetrical punishment schedules should bias responding to the less punished alternative. Results: Compared with controls, children with ADHD from both samples allocated significantly more responses to the less frequently punished game, suggesting greater behavioral sensitivity to punishment. For these children, the bias toward the less punished alternative increased with time on task. Avoiding the more punished game resulted in missed reward opportunities and reduced earnings. English-speaking controls showed some preference for the less punished game. The behavior of Japanese controls was not significantly influenced by the frequency of punishment, despite slowed response times after punished trials and immediate shifts away from the punished game, indicating awareness of punishment. Conclusion: Punishment exerted greater control over the behavior of children with ADHD, regardless of their cultural background. This may be a common characteristic of the disorder. Avoidance of punishment led to poorer task performance. Caution is required in the use of punishment, especially with children with ADHD. The group difference in punishment sensitivity was more pronounced in the Japanese sample; this may create a negative halo effect for children with ADHD in this culture.

The effects of bilateral lesions of the amygdala on dyadic social interactions in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).

2001 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan J. Emery ◽  
John P. Capitanio ◽  
William A. Mason ◽  
Christopher J. Machado ◽  
Sally P. Mendoza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Bilateral Lesions

scholarly journals Behavioral Sensitivity of Temporally Modulated Striatal Neurons

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
George S. Portugal ◽  
A. George Wilson ◽  
Matthew S. Matell
Keyword(s):  
Striatal Neurons ◽  
Behavioral Sensitivity

scholarly journals Early Developmental Trajectories of Functional Connectivity Along the Visual Pathways in Rhesus Monkeys

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 3514-3526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z Kovacs-Balint ◽  
E Feczko ◽  
M Pincus ◽  
E Earl ◽  
O Miranda-Dominguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Engagement ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Visual Pathways ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Monkey Model

Abstract Early social interactions shape the development of social behavior, although the critical periods or the underlying neurodevelopmental processes are not completely understood. Here, we studied the developmental changes in neural pathways underlying visual social engagement in the translational rhesus monkey model. Changes in functional connectivity (FC) along the ventral object and motion pathways and the dorsal attention/visuo-spatial pathways were studied longitudinally using resting-state functional MRI in infant rhesus monkeys, from birth through early weaning (3 months), given the socioemotional changes experienced during this period. Our results revealed that (1) maturation along the visual pathways proceeds in a caudo-rostral progression with primary visual areas (V1–V3) showing strong FC as early as 2 weeks of age, whereas higher-order visual and attentional areas (e.g., MT–AST, LIP–FEF) show weak FC; (2) functional changes were pathway-specific (e.g., robust FC increases detected in the most anterior aspect of the object pathway (TE–AMY), but FC remained weak in the other pathways (e.g., AST–AMY)); (3) FC matures similarly in both right and left hemispheres. Our findings suggest that visual pathways in infant macaques undergo selective remodeling during the first 3 months of life, likely regulated by early social interactions and supporting the transition to independence from the mother.

scholarly journals Discrete coding of stimulus value, reward expectation, and reward prediction error in the dorsal striatum

2015 ◽  
Vol 114 (5) ◽  
pp. 2600-2615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kei Oyama ◽  
Yukina Tateyama ◽  
István Hernádi ◽  
Philippe N. Tobler ◽  
Toshio Iijima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Error ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Dorsal Striatum ◽  
Striatal Neurons ◽  
Reward Prediction Error ◽  
Reward Prediction ◽  
Reward Probability ◽  
Stimulus Value ◽  
Reward Contingencies ◽  
Reward Information

To investigate how the striatum integrates sensory information with reward information for behavioral guidance, we recorded single-unit activity in the dorsal striatum of head-fixed rats participating in a probabilistic Pavlovian conditioning task with auditory conditioned stimuli (CSs) in which reward probability was fixed for each CS but parametrically varied across CSs. We found that the activity of many neurons was linearly correlated with the reward probability indicated by the CSs. The recorded neurons could be classified according to their firing patterns into functional subtypes coding reward probability in different forms such as stimulus value, reward expectation, and reward prediction error. These results suggest that several functional subgroups of dorsal striatal neurons represent different kinds of information formed through extensive prior exposure to CS-reward contingencies.

scholarly journals Early Caregiving Adversity Differentially Shapes Behavioral Sensitivity to Reward and Risk during Decision-Making

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joao F Guassi Moreira ◽  
Adriana Sofia Méndez Leal ◽  
Yael Haya Waizman ◽  
Natalie Marie Saragosa-Harris ◽  
Emilia Ninova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Risk Sensitivity ◽  
Everyday Functioning ◽  
Early Life Adversity ◽  
Sensitivity To Reward ◽  
Behavioral Sensitivity ◽  
Random Coefficient Regression ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Adaptive Decision Making

Cognitive systems that track, update, and utilize information about reward (consequences) and risk (uncertainty) are critical for adaptive decision-making as well as everyday functioning and wellbeing. However, little is known about what shapes individual differences in reward and risk sensitivity, independent of each other, during decision-making. Here, we investigate the impact of early life experience—a potent sculptor of development—on behavioral sensitivity to reward and risk. We administered a widely used decision-making paradigm to 62 adolescents and young adults exposed to early life adversity in the form of institutional orphanage care and 81 comparison individuals. Leveraging random coefficient regression and computational modeling, we observed that previously institutionalized individuals displayed general reward hyposensitivity, contributing to a decreased propensity for adaptive decision-making relative to comparison individuals (e.g., when prospective rewards are high). By contrast, group differences in risk sensitivity were selectively observed on loss, but not gain, trials. These results are the first to independently and explicitly link early experiences to reward and risk sensitivity during decision-making. As such, they lay the groundwork for therapeutic efforts to identify and treat adversity-exposed individuals at risk for psychiatric disorders characterized by aberrant decision-making processes.

scholarly journals Evidence accumulation for value computation in the prefrontal cortex during decision making

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (48) ◽  
pp. 30728-30737
Author(s):  
Zhongqiao Lin ◽  
Chechang Nie ◽  
Yuanfeng Zhang ◽  
Yang Chen ◽  
Tianming Yang
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Evaluation Process ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Evidence Accumulation ◽  
Asymmetric Pattern ◽  
Reward Probability ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Reward Information ◽  
The Brain

A key step of decision making is to determine the value associated with each option. The evaluation process often depends on the accumulation of evidence from multiple sources, which may arrive at different times. How evidence is accumulated for value computation in the brain during decision making has not been well studied. To address this problem, we trained rhesus monkeys to perform a decision-making task in which they had to make eye movement choices between two targets, whose reward probabilities had to be determined with the combined evidence from four sequentially presented visual stimuli. We studied the encoding of the reward probabilities associated with the stimuli and the eye movements in the orbitofrontal (OFC) and the dorsolateral prefrontal (DLPFC) cortices during the decision process. We found that the OFC neurons encoded the reward probability associated with individual pieces of evidence in the stimulus domain. Importantly, the representation of the reward probability in the OFC was transient, and the OFC did not encode the reward probability associated with the combined evidence from multiple stimuli. The computation of the combined reward probabilities was observed only in the DLPFC and only in the action domain. Furthermore, the reward probability encoding in the DLPFC exhibited an asymmetric pattern of mixed selectivity that supported the computation of the stimulus-to-action transition of reward information. Our results reveal that the OFC and the DLPFC play distinct roles in the value computation during evidence accumulation.

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