scholarly journals The role of sensory stimulation on motor learning via action observation: a mini review

2019 ◽  
Vol 121 (3) ◽  
pp. 729-731 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. L. Jayasinghe
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Movement Disorders ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Action Observation ◽  
Sensory System ◽  
Sensory Stimulation ◽  
Sensory Deficit ◽  
Cortical Connectivity

Action observation involves the observation of an action followed by an attempt to replicate it. Recent studies show that increased sensorimotor cortical connectivity improves motor performance via observation and that priming the sensory system before observation enhances the effects of observation-based learning. Understanding the role of the sensory system is, therefore, critical for rehabilitation of movement disorders that have a sensory deficit.

scholarly journals Deletion of the voltage-gated calcium channel, CaV1.3, causes deficits in motor performance and associative learning

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisol Lauffer ◽  
Hsiang Wen ◽  
Bryn Myers ◽  
Ashley Plumb ◽  
Krystal Parker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Associative Learning ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Social Preference ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Social Deficits ◽  
Voltage Gated ◽  
Voltage Gated Calcium Channels ◽  
The Brain

AbstractL-type voltage-gated calcium channels (LVGCCs) are important regulators of neuronal activity and are widely expressed throughout the brain. One of the major LVGCC isoforms in the brain is CaV1.3. Mice lacking CaV1.3 (CaV1.3 KO) have impairments in fear conditioning and depressive-like behaviors, which have been linked to the role of CaV1.3 in hippocampal and amygdala function. Genetic variation in CaV1.3 has been linked to a variety of psychiatric disorders, including autism and schizophrenia, which are associated with motor, learning, and social deficits. Here, we explored whether CaV1.3 plays a role in these behaviors. We found that CaV1.3 KO mice have deficits in rotarod learning despite normal locomotor function. Deletion of CaV1.3 is also associated with impaired associative learning on the Erasmus Ladder. We did not observe any impairments in CaV1.3 KO mice on assays of anxiety-like, depression-like, or social preference behaviors. Our results suggest an important role for CaV1.3 in neural circuits involved in motor learning and concur with previous data showing its involvement in associative learning.

Gamma frequencies as a predictor for the accomplishment of a motor task guided through the action observation network

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Toledo Felippe ◽  
Thaler Markus
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Action Observation ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Gamma Oscillations ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Action Observation Network ◽  
Observation Network

BACKGROUND: Action observation describes a concept where the subsequent motor behavior of an individual can be modulated though observing an action. This occurs through the activation of neurons in the action observation network, acting on a variety of motor learning processes. This network has been proven highly useful in the rehabilitation of patients with acquired brain injury, placing “action observation” as one of the most effective techniques for motor recovery in physical neurorehabilitation. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to define an EEG marker for motor learning, guided through observation. METHODS: Healthy subjects (n = 41) participated voluntarily for this research. They were asked to repeat an unknown motor behavior, immediately after observing a video. During the observation, EEG raw signals where collected with a portable EEG and the results were later compared with success and fail on repeating the motor procedure. The comparison was then analyzed with the Mann-Whitney U test for non-parametrical data, with a confidence interval of 95%. RESULTS: A significant relation between motor performance and neural activity was found for Alpha (p = 0,0149) and Gamma (0,0005) oscillatory patterns. CONCLUSION: Gamma oscillations with frequencies between 41 and 49,75 Hz, seem to be an adequate EEG marker for motor performance guided through the action observation network. The technology used for this paper is easy to use, low-cost and presents valid measurements for the recommended oscillatory frequencies, implying a possible use on rehabilitation, by collecting data in real-time during therapeutic interventions and assessments.

scholarly journals Somatosensory Perceptual Training Enhances Motor Learning by Observing

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather R. McGregor ◽  
Joshua G.A. Cashaback ◽  
Paul L. Gribble
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Force Field ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Action Observation ◽  
Somatosensory System ◽  
Functional Plasticity ◽  
Perceptual Training ◽  
Learning Group ◽  
Neurophysiological Studies ◽  
Somatosensory Function

AbstractNeuroimaging and neurophysiological studies in humans have demonstrated that action observation activates brain regions involved in sensory-motor control. A growing body of work has shown that action observation can also facilitate motor learning; observing a tutor undergoing motor learning results in functional plasticity within the motor system and gains in subsequent motor performance. However, the effects of observing motor learning extend beyond the motor domain. Converging evidence suggests that learning also results in somatosensory functional plasticity and somatosensory perceptual changes. This work has raised the possibility that the somatosensory system is also involved in motor learning that results from observation. Here we tested this hypothesis using a somatosensory perceptual training paradigm. If the somatosensory system is indeed involved in motor learning by observing, then improving subjects' somatosensory function before observation should enhance subsequent observation-related gains in motor performance. Subjects performed a proprioceptive discrimination task in which a robotic manipulandum moved the subject’s passive upper limb and he or she made judgments about the position of the hand. Subjects in a Trained Learning group received trial-by-trial feedback to improve their proprioceptive acuity. Subjects in an Untrained Learning group performed the same task without feedback. All subjects then observed a learning video showing a tutor adapting her reaches to a left force field (FF). We found that subjects in the Trained Learning group, who had superior proprioceptive acuity prior to observation, benefited more from observing learning compared to subjects in the Untrained Learning group. Improving somatosensory function can therefore enhance subsequent observation-related gains in motor learning. This study provides further evidence in favor of the involvement of the somatosensory system in motor learning by observing.AbbreviationsFF:Force fieldPD:Maximum perpendicular deviationIQR:interquartile rangeThe authors report no financial interests or conflicts of interests.

scholarly journals Emergence of perceptuomotor relationships during paleolithic stone toolmaking learning: intersections of observation and practice

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristel Yu Tiamco Bayani ◽  
Nikhilesh Natraj ◽  
Nada Khresdish ◽  
Justin Pargeter ◽  
Dietrich Stout ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Skill Acquisition ◽  
Motor Skill ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Action Observation ◽  
Performance Improvements ◽  
Motor Skill Acquisition ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Archeological Evidence ◽  
And Performance

AbstractStone toolmaking is a human motor skill which provides the earliest archeological evidence motor skill and social learning. Intentionally shaping a stone into a functional tool relies on the interaction of action observation and practice to support motor skill acquisition. The emergence of adaptive and efficient visuomotor processes during motor learning of such a novel motor skill requiring complex semantic understanding, like stone toolmaking, is not understood. Through the examination of eye movements and motor skill, the current study sought to evaluate the changes and relationship in perceptuomotor processes during motor learning and performance over 90 h of training. Participants’ gaze and motor performance were assessed before, during and following training. Gaze patterns reveal a transition from initially high gaze variability during initial observation to lower gaze variability after training. Perceptual changes were strongly associated with motor performance improvements suggesting a coupling of perceptual and motor processes during motor learning.

Ability Factors in Motor Learning

1977 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 827-836 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Kleinman
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Motor Learning ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Task Specificity ◽  
Basic Ability ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Role Of Information ◽  
Task Taxonomy

Research dealing with the role of basic ability factors in motor learning has been characterized by an ever increasing realization of the high degree of task specificity associated with the acquisition of motor skills. Although various theoretical arguments have been offered to account for the changing factor structure of abilities which apparently accompanies increase in proficiency in motor performance, such theories have, by and large, ignored the role of information-processing models, as well as factors pertaining to human neurological organization. Theoretical positions and empirical research concerning the role of ability factors in motor learning are discussed and analyzed in the light of the limitations imposed by factors of task taxonomy.

Movement without dopamine: striatal dopamine is required to maintain but not to perform learned actions

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 428-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Dowd ◽  
S.B. Dunnett
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Motor Learning ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Striatal Dopamine ◽  
Motor Deficits ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Gene Therapies ◽  
Different Populations

The different populations of dopaminergic neurons located in the ventral mesencephalon have long been associated with distinct functional roles. The nigrostriatal projection is considered necessary for efficient motor performance, while the mesolimbocortical projection is usually associated with reward signalling. However, a number of recent studies in our laboratory suggest that the divergence between these two functions of dopamine is not as delineated as it may once have seemed. In these experiments, we have been developing improved behavioural methods for assessing the nature of the deficit in rats with unilateral dopamine lesions, as well as the efficacy of various experimental cell and gene therapies for Parkinson's disease. The behavioural task we selected is a lateralized nose-poking task in which rats are trained to respond to stimulus lights on either side of their heads. This task not only allows us to accurately measure aspects of motor performance, but, because it requires extensive training, it also allows us to assess aspects of motor learning. The concurrence of motor performance parameters (which are considered to be dependent on striatal dopamine) and motor learning parameters (which are thought to be dependent on mesolimbocortical reward signalling) within the same task has revealed some surprising consequences of dopamine lesions and neuroprotective/neuroreparative approaches to repair in rat models of Parkinson's disease. The data generated using this task suggest that the motor deficits that occur as a consequence of dopamine lesions may be downstream of a deficit in reward signalling. If so, this could redefine our perception of the role of dopamine in controlling motor function.

scholarly journals The Role of Movement Representation Techniques in the Motor Learning Process: A Neurophysiological Hypothesis and a Narrative Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferran Cuenca-Martínez ◽  
Luis Suso-Martí ◽  
Jose Vicente León-Hernández ◽  
Roy La Touche
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Mirror Neuron System ◽  
Action Observation ◽  
Mirror Neuron ◽  
Neuron System ◽  
Movement Representation ◽  
Neurophysiological Activity ◽  
Representation Techniques

We present a neurophysiological hypothesis for the role of motor imagery (MI) and action observation (AO) training in the motor learning process. The effects of movement representation in the brain and those of the cortical–subcortical networks related to planning, executing, adjusting, and automating real movements share a similar neurophysiological activity. Coupled with the influence of certain variables related to the movement representation process, this neurophysiological activity is a key component of the present hypothesis. These variables can be classified into four domains: physical, cognitive–evaluative, motivational–emotional, and direct-modulation. The neurophysiological activity underlying the creation and consolidation of mnemonic representations of motor gestures as a prerequisite to motor learning might differ between AO and MI. Together with variations in cognitive loads, these differences might explain the differing results in motor learning. The mirror neuron system appears to function more efficiently through AO training than MI, and AO is less demanding in terms of cognitive load than MI. AO might be less susceptible to the influence of variables related to movement representation.

Rehabilitation of Post Stroke Sensory Dysfunction—A Scoping Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 251660852098429
Author(s):  
Dorcas B. C. Gandhi ◽  
Ivy Anne Sebastian ◽  
Komal Bhanot
Keyword(s):  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Sensory Modality ◽  
Sensory System ◽  
Sensory Stimulation ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Post Stroke ◽  
Sensory Dysfunction ◽  
Electronic Database Search ◽  
External Stimuli

Sensory dysfunction is one of the common impairments that occurs post stroke. With sensory changes in all modalities, it also affects the quality of life and incites suicidal thoughts. The article attempts to review and describe the current evidence of various approaches of assessment and rehabilitation for post-stroke sensory dysfunction. After extensive electronic database search across Medline, Embase, EBSCO, and Cochrane library, it generated 2433 results. After screening according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, we included 11 studies. We categorized data based on type of sensory deficits and prevalence, role of sensory system on motor behavior, type of intervention, sensory modality targeted, and dosage of intervention and outcome measures used for rehabilitation. Results found the strong evidence of involvement of primary and secondary motor areas involved in processing and responding to somatosensation, respectively. We divided rehabilitation approaches into sensory stimulation approach and sensory retraining approach focused on using external stimuli and relearning, respectively. However, with varied aims and targeted sensory involvement, the study applicability is affected. Thus, this emerges the need of extensive research in future for evidence-based practice of assessments and rehabilitation on post-stroke sensory rehabilitation.

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