Correlated and uncorrelated high-frequency oscillations in phrenic and recurrent laryngeal neurograms

1988 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 1188-1203 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. N. Bruce
Keyword(s):  
Central Pattern Generators ◽  
Power Spectra ◽  
Power Spectral Analysis ◽  
Pattern Generation ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Power Spectral ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Motor Outputs ◽  
Pattern Generators ◽  
40 Hz

1. Power spectral analysis of phrenic and recurrent laryngeal (or efferent vagal) inspiratory discharge activity from anesthetized cats revealed a peak within the 60- to 110-Hz range in all spectra, plus a peak within the 40- to 60-Hz range in the laryngeal (and efferent vagal) spectra, and a peak less than 40 Hz in the phrenic spectra. 2. A 60- to 110-Hz peak was present in coherence spectra between the left and right phrenic neurograms, the left and right recurrent laryngeal (and efferent vagal) neurograms, and all combinations of phrenic-laryngeal (and phrenic-efferent vagal) pairs. It is concluded that the nearly-periodic oscillations represented by these peaks arise from a single source that projects functionally in parallel to many respiratory motor outputs. This source may be part of, or interact with, respiratory central pattern generation. 3. The 40- to 60-Hz oscillations in left and right recurrent laryngeal (and efferent vagal) neurograms were uncorrelated or occasionally were very weakly correlated. Thus it is unlikely that these oscillations arise from a common source such as a second respiratory central pattern generator. 4. The oscillations less than 40 Hz were weakly correlated between left and right phrenic neurograms. This correlation may be due substantially to spinal crossed-phrenic pathways. 5. It is proposed that both the 40- to 60-Hz oscillations in recurrent laryngeal neurograms and the oscillations below 40 Hz in phrenic neurograms originate in neural circuits associated with individual left or right recurrent laryngeal or phrenic motor outputs. 6. Our results do not support the interpretation that multiple peaks in phrenic and recurrent laryngeal power spectra are due to two respiratory central pattern generators whose outputs have parallel pathways to respiratory motoneurons.

Pattern Generation in Caudal-Lumbar and Sacrococcygeal Segments of the Neonatal Rat Spinal Cord

2002 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 732-739 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Gabbay ◽  
I. Delvolvé ◽  
A. Lev-Tov
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Pattern Generators ◽  
Pattern Generation ◽  
Neonatal Rat ◽  
Inhibitory Pathways ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Pattern Generators ◽  
Inhibitory Interactions ◽  
Slow Rhythm

The rhythmogenic capacity of the tail-innervating segments (L4-Co3) of the spinal cord was studied in isolated spinal cord and tail–spinal cord preparations of neonatal rats. Bath-applied serotonin/ N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) failed to produce a robust sacrococcygeal rhythmicity following midlumbar transection of the spinal cord. By contrast, a regular alternating left–right rhythm could be induced in the sacrococcygeal segments by application of noradrenaline (NA) or NA and NMDA before and after midlumbar transection of the cord. This rhythm was accelerated with the concentration of NMDA and was blocked by α1 or α2 adrenoceptor antagonists. The efferent bursts induced by NA/NMDA were accompanied by rhythmic tail movements produced by alternating activation of the left and right tail muscles and by coactivation of flexors, extensors, and abductors on a given side of the tail. This coactivation implies that reciprocal inhibitory pathways were not activated during the rhythm. Lesion experiments revealed that the rhythmogenic circuitry is distributed along all or most of the sacrococcygeal segments. The NA/NMDA-induced rhythm persisted in the isolated sacrococcygeal (S1-Co3), sacral (S1-S4), coccygeal (Co1-Co3), and smaller isolated regions of the sacrococcygeal cord. The rhythm also could be maintained in longitudinally split sacrococcygeal hemicords in which flexor, extensor, and abductor motoneurons are coactivated. This finding indicates that neither left/right nor flexor/extensor inhibitory interactions are required for rhythmogenesis in the sacrococcygeal cord. A slow rhythm lacking the alternating left–right pattern was induced by NA/NMDA in tail-innervating caudal lumbar segments of isolated L4-Co3 preparations. This rhythm was independent of the concurrent sacrococcygeal rhythm and the activity pattern of the tail musculature and it does not seem to contribute to rhythmic tail movements under these conditions. Comparative studies of the rhythm produced in the isolated caudal lumbar, sacrococcygeal cord, and caudal thoracic–rostral lumbar segments revealed that the S1-Co3 rhythm was faster than the L4-L6 pattern and slower than the T6-L3 rhythm. It is suggested that the caudal lumbar and sacrococcygeal segments of the cord are normally driven by the faster rostral lumbar central pattern generators. The relevance of the findings described above to pattern generation in the mammalian spinal cord is discussed.

Rhythmic Pattern Generation in Invertebrates

2018 ◽  
pp. 390-400
Author(s):  
Astrid A. Prinz
Keyword(s):  
Central Pattern Generators ◽  
Pattern Generation ◽  
Rhythmic Pattern ◽  
Neuronal Circuit ◽  
Neuronal Circuits ◽  
Timing Circuit ◽  
Core Components ◽  
Pattern Generators

This chapter begins by defining central pattern generators (CPGs) and proceeds to focus on one of their core components, the timing circuit. After arguing why invertebrate CPGs are particularly useful for the study of neuronal circuit operation in general, the bulk of the chapter then describes basic mechanisms of CPG operation at the cellular, synaptic, and network levels, and how different CPGs combine these mechanisms in various ways. Finally, the chapter takes a semihistorical perspective to discuss whether or not the study of invertebrate CPGs has seen its prime and what it has contributed—and may continue to offer—to a wider understanding of neuronal circuits in general.

scholarly journals Modulation of motoneurone excitability during rhythmic motor outputs

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (11) ◽  
pp. 1176-1185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin E. Power ◽  
Evan J. Lockyer ◽  
Davis A. Forman ◽  
Duane C. Button
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Electrical Properties ◽  
Central Pattern Generators ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Rhythmic Motor ◽  
Current State ◽  
Motor Outputs ◽  
Descending Input ◽  
Pattern Generators ◽  
Spinal Motoneurones

In quadrupeds, special circuity located within the spinal cord, referred to as central pattern generators (CPGs), is capable of producing complex patterns of activity such as locomotion in the absence of descending input. During these motor outputs, the electrical properties of spinal motoneurones are modulated such that the motoneurone is more easily activated. Indirect evidence suggests that like quadrupeds, humans also have spinally located CPGs capable of producing locomotor outputs, albeit descending input is considered to be of greater importance. Whether motoneurone properties are reconfigured in a similar manner to those of quadrupeds is unclear. The purpose of this review is to summarize our current state of knowledge regarding the modulation of motoneurone excitability during CPG-mediated motor outputs using animal models. This will be followed by more recent work initially aimed at understanding changes in motoneurone excitability during CPG-mediated motor outputs in humans, which quickly expanded to also include supraspinal excitability.

Human Intelligence and Power Spectral Analysis of Visual Evoked Potentials

1980 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 192-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariko Osaka ◽  
Naoyuki Osaka
Keyword(s):  
Visual Evoked Potential ◽  
Evoked Potential ◽  
Power Spectra ◽  
Power Spectral Analysis ◽  
Mentally Retarded ◽  
Power Spectral ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mentally Retarded Children ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Visual Evoked

The relationship between intelligence and power spectra of visual evoked potential was investigated using 8 normal and 8 mentally retarded children as subjects. The results showed the power spectrum of mentally retarded has a peak at 4 to 6 Hz, whereas that of normal has two apparent peaks at 4 and 12 Hz. It appears the peak at 12 Hz reflects the difference of intelligence.

Comment on paper by Bhartendu, "A study of atmospheric pressure variations from lightning discharges"

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (20) ◽  
pp. 2333-2334 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. McCrory ◽  
C. R. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Power Spectra ◽  
Power Spectral Analysis ◽  
Sound Level ◽  
Hot Wire ◽  
Power Spectral ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Spectral Components ◽  
Lightning Discharges ◽  
Level Meter

Bhartendu uses two types of microphones to provide the time series for his power spectral investigations of thunder, the hot wire microphone and a wide-range crystal microphone with amplification provided by a sound-level meter. He then takes power spectra calculated from these time series and states conclusions regarding the power spectrum of thunder. Data and discussion are presented here to demonstrate that one cannot use a single-grid hot-wire microphone for power spectral analysis without introducing spurious spectral components.

Spectral Estimation of Nasal Cyclic Rhythm by Nasal Airflow Temperature Measurement

2014 ◽  
Vol 573 ◽  
pp. 848-855
Author(s):  
R. Sukanesh ◽  
E. Muthu Kumaran
Keyword(s):  
Pathological Condition ◽  
Spectral Estimation ◽  
Power Spectral Analysis ◽  
Nasal Airflow ◽  
Airway Patency ◽  
Nasal Cycle ◽  
Power Spectral ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Cyclic Fluctuation

.The nasal cycle is referred to a cyclic fluctuation in congestion of the nasal mucosa that results in rhythmic and bilateral reciprocal alteration of nasal airway patency. The purpose of this study is to deal with statistical and power spectral analysis of nasal cycle by measuring the temperature difference between the airflow of both left and right nostrils. Five adult voluntary healthy subjects are enrolled for the study. Nasal temperature probe combined with amplifier are used for recording nasal airflow temperature on both nostrils. The highest nasal airflow temperature values are detected at the end of expiration and the lowest values are detected at the end of inspiration. Nasal cycle found in all the subjects and lasted to the minimum of 30 minutes to maximum of 6 hours. The difference in temperature of both nostrils is statistically significant (p<0.05) and spectral estimation is made using autoregressive modeling. The method is used to quantify nasal obstruction in pathological condition and also to correlate the related physiological phenomenon.

scholarly journals From Spinal Central Pattern Generators to Cortical Network: Integrated BCI for Walking Rehabilitation

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Cheron ◽  
M. Duvinage ◽  
C. De Saedeleer ◽  
T. Castermans ◽  
A. Bengoetxea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Central Pattern Generators ◽  
Pattern Generation ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Plantar Surface ◽  
Rehabilitation Programs ◽  
Walking Rehabilitation ◽  
Locomotor Patterns ◽  
Pattern Generators ◽  
Clinical Conditions

Success in locomotor rehabilitation programs can be improved with the use of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). Although a wealth of research has demonstrated that locomotion is largely controlled by spinal mechanisms, the brain is of utmost importance in monitoring locomotor patterns and therefore contains information regarding central pattern generation functioning. In addition, there is also a tight coordination between the upper and lower limbs, which can also be useful in controlling locomotion. The current paper critically investigates different approaches that are applicable to this field: the use of electroencephalogram (EEG), upper limb electromyogram (EMG), or a hybrid of the two neurophysiological signals to control assistive exoskeletons used in locomotion based on programmable central pattern generators (PCPGs) or dynamic recurrent neural networks (DRNNs). Plantar surface tactile stimulation devices combined with virtual reality may provide the sensation of walking while in a supine position for use of training brain signals generated during locomotion. These methods may exploit mechanisms of brain plasticity and assist in the neurorehabilitation of gait in a variety of clinical conditions, including stroke, spinal trauma, multiple sclerosis, and cerebral palsy.

A General Rhythmic Pattern Generation Architecture for Legged Locomotion

2011 ◽  
pp. 202-230
Author(s):  
Zhijun Yang ◽  
Felipe M.G. França
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Central Pattern Generators ◽  
Legged Locomotion ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Pattern Generation ◽  
Rhythmic Pattern ◽  
Motor Information ◽  
Pattern Generators ◽  
Life Phenomena ◽  
Almost All

As an engine of almost all life phenomena, the motor information generated by the central nervous system (CNS) plays a critical role in the activities of all animals. After a brief review of some recent research results on locomotor central pattern generators (CPG), which is a concrete branch of studies on the CNS generating rhythmic patterns, this chapter presents a novel, macroscopic and model-independent approach to the retrieval of different patterns of coupled neural oscillations observed in biological CPGs during the control of legged locomotion. Based on scheduling by multiple edge reversal (SMER), a simple and discrete distributed synchroniser, various types of oscillatory building blocks (OBB) can be reconfigured for the production of complicated rhythmic patterns and a methodology is provided for the construction of a target artificial CPG architecture behaving as a SMER-like asymmetric Hopfield neural networks.

scholarly journals Diversity of molecularly defined spinal interneurons engaged in mammalian locomotor pattern generation

2017 ◽  
Vol 118 (6) ◽  
pp. 2956-2974 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lea Ziskind-Conhaim ◽  
Shawn Hochman
Keyword(s):  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Central Pattern Generators ◽  
Pattern Generation ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Locomotor Rhythm ◽  
Spinal Interneurons ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Descending Fibers ◽  
Experimental Model Systems ◽  
Pattern Generators

Mapping the expression of transcription factors in the mouse spinal cord has identified ten progenitor domains, four of which are cardinal classes of molecularly defined, ventrally located interneurons that are integrated in the locomotor circuitry. This review focuses on the properties of these interneuronal populations and their contribution to hindlimb locomotor central pattern generation. Interneuronal populations are categorized based on their excitatory or inhibitory functions and their axonal projections as predictors of their role in locomotor rhythm generation and coordination. The synaptic connectivity and functions of these interneurons in the locomotor central pattern generators (CPGs) have been assessed by correlating their activity patterns with motor output responses to rhythmogenic neurochemicals and sensory and descending fibers stimulations as well as analyzing kinematic gait patterns in adult mice. The observed complex organization of interneurons in the locomotor CPG circuitry, some with seemingly similar physiological functions, reflects the intricate repertoire associated with mammalian motor control and is consistent with high transcriptional heterogeneity arising from cardinal interneuronal classes. This review discusses insights derived from recent studies to describe innovative approaches and limitations in experimental model systems and to identify missing links in current investigational enterprise.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF POWER SPECTRA OF GROUND AND SHALLOW UNDERGROUND MUON DATA

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (29) ◽  
pp. 6953-6955 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. DRAGIĆ ◽  
R. BANJANAC ◽  
V. UDOVIČIĆ ◽  
D. JOKOVIĆ ◽  
I. ANIČIN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Analysis ◽  
Solar Rotation ◽  
Rotation Period ◽  
Power Spectra ◽  
Power Spectral Analysis ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Power Spectral ◽  
Underground Detector ◽  
Scintillator Detectors

Cosmic muon flux is recorded by two plastic scintillator detectors: one located at ground level and the other located in the Belgrade underground laboratory (25 m w.e.). Power spectral analysis of the raw detector data for the period from January 1st 2002 to December 31st 2002 is performed. Similar periodicities are found in both data sets (ground and underground), but with different amplitudes. Main periodicity in the underground detector data has a 26.5 days period, while the highest amplitude signal in the ground detector data has a 243 ± 45 days period. Other signals present in the time series correspond to higher harmonics of the solar rotation period. There is also a wave with a 34.4 days period, whose significance is confirmed by different methods of spectral analysis. The same periodicity is recently found in some processes on the Sun.

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