Development of Lung Edema: Interstitial Fluid Dynamics and Molecular Structure

Pulmonary interstitium is maintained dehydrated at subatmospheric pressure (–10 cmH2O) through low capillary permeability, low tissue compliance, and an efficient lymphatic drainage. Enzymatic degradation of proteoglycans disrupts the endothelial basal membrane and the matrix structure, triggering the development of pulmonary edema.

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Formation of Persistent Slip Band in Fatigued Copper Single Crystals

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100054807 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 40 ◽

pp. 470-471

Author(s):

N. Y. Jin

Keyword(s):

Volume Fraction ◽

Fatigue Cracks ◽

Wall Structure ◽

Matrix Structure ◽

Dislocation Dipole ◽

Slip Bands ◽

Persistent Slip Bands ◽

The Matrix ◽

Hard Shell ◽

Copper Single Crystals

Localised plastic deformation in Persistent Slip Bands(PSBs) is a characteristic feature of fatigue in many materials. The dislocation structure in the PSBs contains regularly spaced dislocation dipole walls occupying a volume fraction of around 10%. The remainder of the specimen, the inactive "matrix", contains dislocation veins at a volume fraction of 50% or more. Walls and veins are both separated by regions in which the dislocation density is lower by some orders of magnitude. Since the PSBs offer favorable sites for the initiation of fatigue cracks, the formation of the PSB wall structure is of great interest. Winter has proposed that PSBs form as the result of a transformation of the matrix structure to a regular wall structure, and that the instability occurs among the broad dipoles near the center of a vein rather than in the hard shell surounding the vein as argued by Kulmann-Wilsdorf.

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Mechanisms leading to lung edema in pulmonary embolization

American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content ◽

10.1152/ajplegacy.1960.198.3.543 ◽

1960 ◽

Vol 198 (3) ◽

pp. 543-546 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

S. A. Kabins ◽

J. Fridman ◽

J. Neustadt ◽

G. Espinosa ◽

L. N. Katz

Keyword(s):

Pulmonary Edema ◽

Capillary Permeability ◽

Lysergic Acid ◽

Lung Edema ◽

Pulmonary Infarction ◽

Edema Formation ◽

Lung Lobe ◽

Pulmonary Embolization ◽

Sympathetic Nervous ◽

Lung Lobes

A localized pulmonary infarction was produced by injecting a starch suspension into the pulmonary artery wedge position of one lung lobe in pentobarbitalized dogs, and the effect of three so-called antiserotonins on the ensuing pulmonary edema was determined. Edema was inhibited in the nonembolized lung lobes in 88% of the B.A.S. (1-benzyl-2-methyl-5-methoxytryptamine HCl), 45% of the DHE (dihydroergotamine), and 12% of the BOL (2-brom- d-lysergic acid diethylamide) dogs. Reasons are given for assuming that the actions of B.A.S. and DHE are due to their antiadrenergic rather than to any antiserotonin properties which they may have. Serotonin, therefore, at most has a slight role in the pulmonary edema formation caused by starch emboli. It is postulated that the emboli by producing an infarct and setting up a reflex mediated through the sympathetic nervous system, cause the release in turn of catecholamines and of histamine, the latter being immediately responsible for the capillary permeability change leading to pulmonary edema.

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Isolation of interstitial fluid from rat mammary tumors by a centrifugation method

AJP Heart and Circulatory Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpheart.00327.2002 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 284 (1) ◽

pp. H416-H424 ◽

Cited By ~ 73

Author(s):

Helge Wiig ◽

Knut Aukland ◽

Olav Tenstad

Keyword(s):

Interstitial Fluid ◽

Tumor Tissue ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Lymphatic Drainage ◽

Colloid Osmotic Pressure ◽

Low Molecular Weight ◽

Tissue Fluid ◽

Arterial Plasma ◽

Lower Ratio ◽

Superficial Tumor

Access to interstitial fluid is of fundamental importance to understand tumor transcapillary fluid balance, including the distribution of probes and therapeutic agents. Tumors were induced by gavage of 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene to rats, and fluid was isolated after anesthesia by exposing tissue to consecutive centrifugations from 27 to 6,800 g. The observed51Cr-EDTA (extracellular tracer) tissue fluid-to-plasma ratio obtained from whole tumor or from superficial tumor tissue by centrifugation at 27–424 g was not significantly different from 1.0 (0.92–0.99), suggesting an extracellular origin only. However, fluid collected from excised central tumor parts had a significantly lower ratio (0.66–0.77) for all imposed G forces, suggesting dilution by fluid deriving from a space unavailable for51Cr-EDTA. The colloid osmotic pressure in tumor fluid was generally higher than in fluid isolated from the subcutis, attributable to less selective capillaries and impaired lymphatic drainage in tumors. HPLC analysis of tumor fluid showed that low-molecular-weight macromolecules not present in arterial plasma were present in tumor fluid obtained by centrifugation and in venous blood draining the tumor, most likely representing proteins derived from tumor cells. We conclude that low-speed centrifugation may be a simple and reliable method to isolate interstitial fluid from tumors.

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Loop patch orientations in the matrix structure of cyclically deformed copper

Materials Science and Engineering A ◽

10.1016/0921-5093(88)90052-4 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 101 ◽

pp. 75-85 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

J.I. Dickson ◽

Hong Bande ◽

G. L'Espérance

Keyword(s):

Matrix Structure ◽

The Matrix

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Peribronchial electrical admittance measures lung edema and congestion in the dog

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1980.49.2.337 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 49 (2) ◽

pp. 337-341 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. E. McNamee ◽

M. L. Brodman

Keyword(s):

Pulmonary Edema ◽

Electrical Impedance ◽

Interstitial Fluid ◽

Quantitative Measure ◽

Lung Edema ◽

Control Value ◽

Interstitial Pulmonary Edema ◽

Electrical Admittance ◽

Peripheral Airway ◽

Catheter Tip

A new method has been developed to detect interstitial pulmonary edema. This method utilizes the unique arrangement of air and interstitial fluid within the lung. A 1.3-mm-diam twin catheter electrode was wedged in a peripheral airway of the lung. The electrical impedance measured at 35 kHz between these catheter-tip electrodes was 1,540 ± 240 omega (mean ± SD; n = 10) in the anesthetized closed-chest dog. Intravenous infusion of 1-3 liters 0.154 M NaCl increased extravascular water per gram of dry lung from a control value of 3.54 ± 0.27 to 4.1-5.14. Peribronchial electrical impedance decreased in proportion to the amount of saline infused reaching a minimum of 550 omega. No signs of alveolar flooding were present during the experiments. Linear regression performed on peribronchial electrical admittance (PEA) as a function of extravascular water per gram of dry lung (ELW) resulted in the following relationship: PEA = 0.72 ELW - 1.81; r = 0.95. It is concluded that this method is a sensitive quantitative measure of lung interstitial fluid and can detect pulmonary edema and congestion in the dog lung before alveolar flooding occurs.

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Photophysical Property Investigation of Nanometer Porphyrin Oligomer

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.335-336.1103 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 335-336 ◽

pp. 1103-1106

Author(s):

Ying Yan Shi

Keyword(s):

Molecular Structure ◽

Elemental Analysis ◽

Photophysical Property ◽

Fluorescence Property ◽

Stable Property ◽

H Nmr ◽

Oligomer Formation ◽

Heat Stable ◽

The Matrix

In this paper, ω-bromopropylporphyrin ether was firstly synthesized using 1,3-dibromopropane as bridge-linked group and 5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin (H2MHTPP) as the matrix. The resulting compound was then reacted with 5,15-di(4- hydroxyphenyl)-10,20-diphenyl porphyrin (trans-H2DHDPP) to give a new title nanometer porphyrin oligomer. Characterization were made by the methods of elemental analysis, UV-vis, IR, 1H NMR and XRD. Has studied the crystalline ,the fluorescence property and the heat-stable property of porphyrin monomer and porphyrin oligomer. The research discovered that the crystalline,the fluorescence property and the heat-stable property can have the very big change along with the porphyrin peripheral substitution groups as well as the oligomer formation. And the function of difference kinds of solvent and the porphyrin molecular structure symmetry also can have the very tremendous influence to the crystalline,the fluorescence property and the heat-stable property.

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Comparison of Shear, Compressive and Tensile Characteristics of Cast Irons

Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science ◽

10.1243/jmes_jour_1973_015_009_02 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 53-60 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R. D. Adams ◽

M. A. O. Fox

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Design Criteria ◽

Matrix Structure ◽

Proof Stress ◽

Cast Irons ◽

The Matrix ◽

The Relationship ◽

Graphite Inclusions ◽

Strength And Ductility

Cast irons were produced with variations in the quantity and shape of the free graphite inclusions and in the matrix structure to investigate the relationship between the shear, compressive and tensile mechanical properties. Differences were observed which may have a significant effect on design criteria for cast irons. For example, the ratio of shear to tensile strengths decreased from about 1·25 to 0·577 and the ratio of 0·1 per cent proof stress in compression to that in tension decreased from approximately 2 to 11 as the tensile strength (and ductility) were increased.

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