Isolation of interstitial fluid from rat mammary tumors by a centrifugation method

2003 ◽  
Vol 284 (1) ◽  
pp. H416-H424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helge Wiig ◽  
Knut Aukland ◽  
Olav Tenstad
Keyword(s):  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Tumor Tissue ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Lymphatic Drainage ◽  
Colloid Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Tissue Fluid ◽  
Arterial Plasma ◽  
Lower Ratio ◽  
Superficial Tumor

Access to interstitial fluid is of fundamental importance to understand tumor transcapillary fluid balance, including the distribution of probes and therapeutic agents. Tumors were induced by gavage of 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene to rats, and fluid was isolated after anesthesia by exposing tissue to consecutive centrifugations from 27 to 6,800 g. The observed51Cr-EDTA (extracellular tracer) tissue fluid-to-plasma ratio obtained from whole tumor or from superficial tumor tissue by centrifugation at 27–424 g was not significantly different from 1.0 (0.92–0.99), suggesting an extracellular origin only. However, fluid collected from excised central tumor parts had a significantly lower ratio (0.66–0.77) for all imposed G forces, suggesting dilution by fluid deriving from a space unavailable for51Cr-EDTA. The colloid osmotic pressure in tumor fluid was generally higher than in fluid isolated from the subcutis, attributable to less selective capillaries and impaired lymphatic drainage in tumors. HPLC analysis of tumor fluid showed that low-molecular-weight macromolecules not present in arterial plasma were present in tumor fluid obtained by centrifugation and in venous blood draining the tumor, most likely representing proteins derived from tumor cells. We conclude that low-speed centrifugation may be a simple and reliable method to isolate interstitial fluid from tumors.

Peripheral oedema

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Timperley ◽  
Sandeep Hothi
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Lymphatic System ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Lymphatic Drainage ◽  
Colloid Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Peripheral Oedema ◽  
Fluid Distribution ◽  
Interstitial Oedema

Peripheral oedema is a palpable swelling caused by increased interstitial fluid in soft tissues, and can be due to local or systemic disease. Fluid distribution between capillaries and the interstitium is governed by Starling forces. The lymphatic system returns excess fluid and protein from the extracellular, interstitial space to the bloodstream. Thus, interstitial oedema may arise from factors that increase capillary pressure or permeability, factors that reduce plasma colloid osmotic pressure, factors that impede lymphatic drainage, or a combination of these causes. This topic addresses the diagnosis of peripheral oedema.

Transcapillary fluid shifts in tissues of the head and neck during and after simulated microgravity

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 2469-2475 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. Parazynski ◽  
A. R. Hargens ◽  
B. Tucker ◽  
M. Aratow ◽  
J. Styf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Baseline Period ◽  
Colloid Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Tissue Fluid ◽  
Fluid Filtration ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Facial Edema ◽  
Capillary Pressures ◽  
Male Subjects

To understand the mechanism, magnitude, and time course of facial puffiness that occurs in microgravity, seven male subjects were tilted 6 degrees head-down for 8 h, and all four Starling transcapillary pressures were directly measured before, during, and after tilt. Head-down tilt (HDT) caused facial edema and a significant elevation of microvascular pressures measured in the lower lip: capillary pressures increased from 27.7 +/- 1.5 mmHg (mean +/- SE) pre-HDT to 33.9 +/- 1.7 mmHg by the end of tilt. Subcutaneous and intramuscular interstitial fluid pressures in the neck also increased as a result of HDT, whereas interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressures remained unchanged. Plasma colloid osmotic pressure dropped significantly by 4 h of HDT (21.5 +/- 1.5 mmHg pre-HDT to 18.2 +/- 1.9 mmHg), suggesting a transition from fluid filtration to absorption in capillary beds between the heart and feet during HDT. After 4 h of seated recovery from HDT, microvascular pressures in the lip (capillary and venule pressures) remained significantly elevated by 5–8 mmHg above baseline values. During HDT, urine output was 126.5 ml/h compared with 46.7 ml/h during the control baseline period. These results suggest that facial edema resulting from HDT is caused primarily by elevated capillary pressures and decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressures. The negativity of interstitial fluid pressures above heart level also has implications for maintenance of tissue fluid balance in upright posture.

Isolation of interstitial fluid from skeletal muscle and subcutis in mice using a wick method

2004 ◽  
Vol 287 (5) ◽  
pp. H2085-H2090 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Erik Markhus ◽  
Helge Wiig
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Colloid Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Tissue Fluid ◽  
Protein Extravasation ◽  
Plasma Protein Extravasation ◽  
Wick Technique ◽  
Region Plasma ◽  
Gain Access

Until recent years, mice were sparsely used in physiological experiments, and therefore, data on the basic cardiovascular parameters of mice are lacking. Our aim was to gain access to interstitial fluid and thereby study transcapillary fluid dynamics in this species. Using a modified wick method, we were able to isolate interstitial fluid from subcutis and skeletal muscle in mice. Three-stranded, dry, nylon wicks were inserted post mortem in an attempt to avoid local inflammation and thus eliminate protein extravasation and wick contamination. Colloid osmotic pressure (COP) was measured with a colloid osmometer for submicroliter samples and averaged (means ± SE) 18.7 ± 0.4 in plasma, 9.1 ± 0.4 in subcutis, and 12.3 ± 0.5 mmHg in muscle. HPLC of plasma and wick fluid showed similar patterns except for some minor peaks eluting in the <40-kDa region. Plasma protein extravasation as determined by 125I-labeled human serum albumin showed that contamination of wick fluid by plasma proteins was negligible (<2%). Capillary hyperfiltration induced by intravenous infusion of saline (10% of body wt) was reflected in tissue fluid isolated by wicks as shown by the average postinfusion COP values of 14.5 ± 0.6, 6.8 ± 0.3, and 7.7 ± 0.4 mmHg in plasma, subcutis, and muscle, respectively. We conclude that the wick technique can be easily adapted for use in mice and may represent a reliable method to isolate interstitial fluid and study transcapillary fluid flux in this species.

Pulmonary oedema

2010 ◽  
pp. 2992-3001
Author(s):  
Nicholas W. Morrell ◽  
John D. Firth
Keyword(s):  
Hydrostatic Pressure ◽  
Pulmonary Oedema ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Endothelial Permeability ◽  
Lymphatic Drainage ◽  
Colloid Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Interstitial Tissue ◽  
Tissue Pressure ◽  
Lymphatic Function

The formation of pulmonary oedema depends on the balance between capillary hydrostatic pressure, interstitial tissue pressure, plasma colloid osmotic pressure, endothelial permeability, and lymphatic function. The efficiency of lymphatic drainage of interstitial fluid (which can increase >10-fold) is critical in determining the onset and extent of hydrostatic oedema....

scholarly journals Efficient aortic lymphatic drainage is necessary for atherosclerosis regression induced by ezetimibe

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (50) ◽  
pp. eabc2697
Author(s):  
Kim Pin Yeo ◽  
Hwee Ying Lim ◽  
Chung Hwee Thiam ◽  
Syaza Hazwany Azhar ◽  
Caris Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymphatic Vessels ◽  
Lymphatic Drainage ◽  
Lymphatic Transport ◽  
Atherosclerotic Plaques ◽  
Tissue Fluid ◽  
Atherosclerosis Progression ◽  
Lymphatic Vasculature ◽  
Lesion Regression ◽  
Transport Of Macromolecules

A functional lymphatic vasculature is essential for tissue fluid homeostasis, immunity, and lipid clearance. Although atherosclerosis has been linked to adventitial lymphangiogenesis, the functionality of aortic lymphatic vessels draining the diseased aorta has never been assessed and the role of lymphatic drainage in atherogenesis is not well understood. We develop a method to measure aortic lymphatic transport of macromolecules and show that it is impaired during atherosclerosis progression, whereas it is ameliorated during lesion regression induced by ezetimibe. Disruption of aortic lymph flow by lymphatic ligation promotes adventitial inflammation and development of atherosclerotic plaque in hypercholesterolemic mice and inhibits ezetimibe-induced atherosclerosis regression. Thus, progression of atherosclerotic plaques may result not only from increased entry of atherogenic factors into the arterial wall but also from reduced lymphatic clearance of these factors as a result of aortic lymph stasis. Our findings suggest that promoting lymphatic drainage might be effective for treating atherosclerosis.

Comparison of three plasma expanders used as priming fluids in cardiopulmonary bypass patients

Perfusion ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 297-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Izaak Tigchelaar ◽  
Rolf CG Gallandat Huet ◽  
Piet W Boonstra ◽  
Willem van Oeveren
Keyword(s):  
Cardiopulmonary Bypass ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Hydroxyethyl Starch ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Human Albumin ◽  
Colloid Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Postoperative Phase ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Plasma Substitute

Ten per cent low molecular weight hydroxyethyl starch is a plasma substitute only recently used as priming solution in an extracorporeal circuit, in contrast to human albumin and gelatin. To evaluate the effect of priming solutions on haemodynamics and colloid osmotic pressure, we studied 36 patients elected for cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). They were randomly assigned to 2.5% hydroxyethyl starch, 3% gelatin or 4% human albumin priming solution. Total blood loss (perioperative + intensive care unit period) was higher in the gelatin group than in the albumin and hydroxyethyl starch groups. During CPB, the colloid osmotic pressure was best preserved in the gelatin group, although no excessively low colloid osmotic pressures were measured in the other two groups. Due to the extended half-life and the additional postoperative colloid administration, the hydroxyethyl starch group had a higher colloid osmotic pressure in the postoperative phase. We conclude that, next to human albumin, 2.5% hydroxyethyl starch is a safe CPB priming solution additive and is effective as plasma substitute. Its somewhat longer half-life requires adaptation of the routine protocol for transfusion of colloids and blood products.

scholarly journals The maximum capacity of the liver of the adult dairy cow to metabolize ammonia

1981 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 481-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. Symonds ◽  
Denise L. Mather ◽  
K. A. Collis
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Maximum Rate ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Jugular Vein ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Maximum Capacity ◽  
First Pass ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Arterial Plasma ◽  
Almost All

1. Three adult dairy cows were fitted with cannulas in a mesenteric, portal, hepatic and jugular vein and a carotid artery. They received infusions of step-wise increasing amounts of ammonia as ammonium acetate via a mesenteric vein until NH3 intoxication occurred. Sodium acetate was used in control infusions. The maximum rate of uptake of NH3 by the liver and the concentrations of glucose, urea, lactate, acetate and bilirubin in blood were measured.2. During the infusions of ammonium acetate the liver extracted almost all the NH3 present in the portal vein until an infusion rate of approximately 15·0 mmol/min was reached. The maximum capacity of the liver to remove NH3 during its first pass was on average 1·84 mmol/min per kg wet weight. The cows became intoxicated when arterial plasma ammonia concentrations reached 0·8 mmol/1. Concentrations of NH3 in jugular venous blood were between 66 and 74% of those in the carotid.

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension

Neurology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 91 (11) ◽  
pp. 515-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stéphanie Lenck ◽  
Ivan Radovanovic ◽  
Patrick Nicholson ◽  
Mojgan Hodaie ◽  
Timo Krings ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intracranial Hypertension ◽  
Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension ◽  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Water Exchange ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Glymphatic System ◽  
Associated Conditions ◽  
Outflow Pathway ◽  
The Brain

The recent discoveries of the glymphatic and lymphatic systems of the brain have helped advance our understanding of CSF physiology and may allow new insights in the understanding of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). The clinical and radiologic presentations of IIH appear to be related to congestion of the glymphatic system associated with an overflow of the lymphatic CSF outflow pathway. By revisiting the role of “vascular arachnoid granulations” in the brain, we hypothesize that an initial impairment of the transport of interstitial fluid from the glymphatic system to the venous blood of the dural sinuses may trigger the hydrodynamic cascade of IIH. Furthermore, we speculate that, similar to other water-exchange systems in the brain, a specific subtype of aquaporin is involved in this transport. This theory may eventually help to provide an underlying explanation for IIH and its associated conditions, since in most of them, the expression of several aquaporins is altered.

The Endocrine System: Thyroid and Parathyroid

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha J. Baker ◽  
John R. Porterfield Jr
Keyword(s):  
Venous Blood ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Superior Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Central Compartment ◽  
Lymphatic Drainage ◽  
Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Thyroid Disorders ◽  
Hormone Synthesis ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
And Function

In the adult, the thyroid gland is located in the central compartment of the neck on the anterolateral aspect of the cervical trachea between the carotid sheaths. Patients with thyroid disorders require attentive care, and safe, successful surgery of the thyroid is dependent on an intimate knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the gland. This review discusses nerve branches and function; arterial and venous blood supply; lymphatic drainage; histology; physiology; and thyroid hormone synthesis, secretion, and regulation. Nerve injuries and postoperative complications are summarized, as are functions of thyroid hormones. A thorough understanding of these relationships is imperative for proper medical recommendations, surgical procedure selection, and meticulous surgical technique to avoid complications. To provide safe care of patients with thyroid disorders, treating physicians must embrace the intricate details of the anatomy and physiology of this unique gland to avoid potentially devastating complications. This review contains 5 figures, 3 tables, and 29 references. Key Words: brachial cleft, lymphatic zones, recurrent laryngeal nerve, superior laryngeal nerve, nerve injury, thyroglossal duct cysts, thyroid, thyroidectomy

Fluid exchanges across the parietal peritoneal and pleural mesothelia

1993 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 1779-1784 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Negrini ◽  
M. del Fabbro ◽  
D. Venturoli
Keyword(s):  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
Colloid Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Tissue Fluid ◽  
Liquid Pressure ◽  
Null System ◽  
Net Pressure ◽  
Linear Regressions

In 31 anesthetized rabbits, after removal of superficial tissues, glass micropipettes filled with 0.5 M NaCl solution and connected to an electrohydraulic servo-null system were used to measure extraperitoneal interstitial fluid pressure (Pi,per) and peritoneal liquid pressure (Pliq,per) at various heights. Linear regressions relating pressure to recording height (H) were Pi,per = 1.07 – 0.27H and Pliq,per = 0.9 – 0.64H, respectively. Protein concentration (Cp;g/dl) and colloid osmotic pressure (II; cmH2O) of plasma and of peritoneal and pleural liquids were 5.48 +/- 0.38 and 24.61 +/- 3.23, 3.07 +/- 0.5 and 13.29 +/- 1.87, and 1.76 +/- 0.42 and 8.45 +/- 2, respectively. The equation relating II to Cp was II = 4.64Cp + 0.0027Cp2. Tissue fluid samples were collected with saline-soaked wicks implanted in vivo or dry wicks inserted postmortem in extraperitoneal and extrapleural interstitial spaces. After 60 and 15 min, respectively, wicks were withdrawn and centrifuged; wick fluid was analyzed in colloid osmometer for small samples. Average extraperitoneal and extrapleural II values were 14.2 +/- 2.49 and 11.94 +/- 1.52 cmH2O, corresponding to Cp of 3.07 and 2.57 g/dl, respectively. The average net pressure gradient, assuming reflection coefficient and hydraulic conductivity (Negrini et al. J. Appl. Physiol. 69: 625–630, 1990; 71: 2543–2547, 1991), was 1.18 and 0.98 cmH2O for parietal peritoneal and pleural mesothelia, respectively, favoring filtration from the extraserosal interstitia into the serosal cavities. Total parietal peritoneal filtration was 1.49 ml.kg-1.h-1, approximately 15-fold higher than that for pleural mesothelium.

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