scholarly journals The Enteric Nervous System in Inflammation and Pain: The Role of Proteinase-Activated Receptors

2003 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 589-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Vergnolle
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
Neurogenic Inflammation ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Visceral Pain ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
Proteinase Activated Receptors ◽  
Intestinal Hypersensitivity

The enteric nervous system (ENS) plays a pivotal role in inflammatory and nociceptive processes. Drugs that interact with the ENS have recently raised considerable interest because of their capacity to regulate numerous aspects of the gut physiology and pathophysiology. The present article summarizes recent research on proteinases and proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) as signalling molecules in the ENS. In particular, experiments in animal models suggest that PAR2is important to neurogenic inflammation in the intestine. Moreover, PAR2agonists seem to induce intestinal hypersensitivity and hyperalgesic states, suggesting a role for this receptor in visceral pain perception. Thus, PARs, together with the proteinases that activate them, represent exciting new targets for therapeutic intervention on the ENS.

Lymphocyte-mediated regulation of β-endorphin in the myenteric plexus

2007 ◽  
Vol 292 (1) ◽  
pp. G344-G348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Verma-Gandhu ◽  
Elena F. Verdu ◽  
Daniel Cohen-Lyons ◽  
Stephen M. Collins
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
Myenteric Plexus ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Visceral Pain ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Visceral Hyperalgesia

Lymphocytes are antinociceptive and can modulate visceral pain perception in mice. Previously, we have shown that adoptive transfer of CD4+ T cells to severe combined immune-deficient (SCID) mice normalized immunodeficiency-related visceral hyperalgesia. Pain attenuation was associated with an increase in β-endorphin release by T cells and an upregulation of β-endorphin in the enteric nervous system. In this study, we investigated the relationship between T cells and opioid expression in the myenteric plexus. We examined opioid peptide and receptor expression in the myenteric plexus in the presence and absence of mucosal T cells. We found a positive association between T cells and β-endorphin expression; this was accompanied by a downregulation of the μ-opioid receptor (MOR). In vitro, T helper (Th) type 1 and type 2 cytokine stimulation of CD4+ T cells or isolation of T cells from in vivo Th-polarized mice did not increase T cell release of β-endorphin or the induction of β-endorphin expression in the myenteric plexus. However, exogenous β-endorphin did upregulate β-endorphin expression, and both cycloheximide and naloxone methiodide inhibited peptide upregulation. Therefore, our results suggest that nonpolarized CD4+ T cells release β-endorphin, which, through an interaction with MOR, stimulates an upregulation of β-endorphin expression in the myenteric plexus. Thus, we propose that the mechanism underlying lymphocyte modulation of visceral pain involves T cell modulation of opioid expression in the enteric nervous system.

scholarly journals Animal models of visceral pain and the role of the microbiome

2021 ◽  
pp. 100064
Author(s):  
Christine West ◽  
Karen-Anne McVey Neufeld
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Visceral Pain

Central and Peripheral Nervous System

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther Benedetti ◽  
James Burnett ◽  
Meredith Degnan ◽  
Danielle Horne ◽  
Andres Missair ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neuropathic Pain ◽  
Cancer Pain ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Visceral Pain ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Electrical Transmission ◽  
Somatic Pain ◽  
Spine Pain

The neuronal, chemical, and electrical transmission of pain is a complex and intricate subject that continues to be studied and expounded. This review discusses the relevant physiology and influential factors contributing to the experience and subjective variation in a variety of acute and chronic pain presentations. This review contains 4 figures, 4 tables, and 30 references Keywords: acute pain, chronic pain, somatic pain, neuropathic pain, visceral pain, nociception, pain perception, gender-related pain, cancer pain, spine pain

The role of the enteric nervous system in the fluid and electrolyte secretion of rotavirus diarrhea in newborn mice

2000 ◽  
Vol 118 (4) ◽  
pp. A1130
Author(s):  
Ove Lundgren ◽  
Attila Timar Peregrin ◽  
Kjell Persson ◽  
Shirin Kordasti ◽  
Ingrid Uhnoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
Newborn Mice ◽  
Electrolyte Secretion ◽  
Rotavirus Diarrhea

scholarly journals Immune system control of rat and rabbit colonic electrolyte transport. Role of prostaglandins and enteric nervous system.

1989 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
pp. 1810-1820 ◽  
Author(s):  
M J Bern ◽  
C W Sturbaum ◽  
S S Karayalcin ◽  
H M Berschneider ◽  
J T Wachsman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
Electrolyte Transport ◽  
System Control

scholarly journals The Role of the JC Virus in Central Nervous System Tumorigenesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (17) ◽  
pp. 6236
Author(s):  
Nicholas Ahye ◽  
Anna Bellizzi ◽  
Dana May ◽  
Hassen S. Wollebo
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Jc Virus ◽  
Tumor Formation ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Merkel Cell

Cancer is the second leading cause of mortality worldwide. The study of DNA tumor-inducing viruses and their oncoproteins as a causative agent in cancer initiation and tumor progression has greatly enhanced our understanding of cancer cell biology. The initiation of oncogenesis is a complex process. Specific gene mutations cause functional changes in the cell that ultimately result in the inability to regulate cell differentiation and proliferation effectively. The human neurotropic Polyomavirus JC (JCV) belongs to the family Polyomaviridae and it is the causative agent of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), which is a fatal neurodegenerative disease in an immunosuppressed state. Sero-epidemiological studies have indicated JCV infection is prevalent in the population (85%) and that initial infection usually occurs during childhood. The JC virus has small circular, double-stranded DNA that includes coding sequences for viral early and late proteins. Persistence of the virus in the brain and other tissues, as well as its potential to transform cells, has made it a subject of study for its role in brain tumor development. Earlier observation of malignant astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in PML, as well as glioblastoma formation in non-human primates inoculated with JCV, led to the hypothesis that JCV plays a role in central nervous system (CNS) tumorigenesis. Some studies have reported the presence of both JC viral DNA and its proteins in several primary brain tumor specimens. The discovery of new Polyomaviruses such as the Merkel cell Polyomavirus, which is associated with Merkel cell carcinomas in humans, ignited our interest in the role of the JC virus in CNS tumors. The current evidence known about JCV and its effects, which are sufficient to produce tumors in animal models, suggest it can be a causative factor in central nervous system tumorigenesis. However, there is no clear association between JCV presence in CNS and its ability to initiate CNS cancer and tumor formation in humans. In this review, we will discuss the correlation between JCV and tumorigenesis of CNS in animal models, and we will give an overview of the current evidence for the JC virus’s role in brain tumor formation.

III. Role of the RET signal transduction pathway in development of the mammalian enteric nervous system

1998 ◽  
Vol 275 (2) ◽  
pp. G183-G186 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Pachnis ◽  
P. Durbec ◽  
S. Taraviras ◽  
M. Grigoriou ◽  
D. Natarajan
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
Signal Transduction Pathway ◽  
Multiple Roles ◽  
Tyrosine Kinase Receptor ◽  
Transduction Pathway ◽  
Complex Part ◽  
Induced Mutagenesis

The enteric nervous system (ENS) in vertebrates is derived from the neural crest and constitutes the most complex part of the peripheral nervous system. Natural and induced mutagenesis in mammals has shown that the tyrosine kinase receptor RET and its functional ligand glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) play key roles in the development of the ENS in humans and mice. We have developed and briefly describe here a number of assays that analyze the specific function of the RET receptor and its ligand. Our data suggest that the RET signal transduction pathway has multiple roles in the development of the mammalian ENS.

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