scholarly journals The Effects of Various Acid Catalyst on the Esterification of Jatropha Curcas Oil based Trimethylolpropane Ester as Biolubricant Base Stock

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (s1) ◽  
pp. S33-S40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noor Hafizah Arbain ◽  
Jumat Salimon
Keyword(s):  
Perchloric Acid ◽  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Pour Point ◽  
Viscosity Index ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Ester Group ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Time Of Reaction ◽  
C Nmr

Biolubricant production of trimethylolpropane ester (ET) was conducted via esterification of fatty acid (FA) ofJatropha curcasoil with trimethylolpropane (TMP). The condition for this reaction was as follows: temperature was 150°C, time of reaction was 3 hours, molar ratio of FA: TMP was 4:1 and 2% wt/wt concentrated catalyst (based on weight of FA). Different catalyst was used in this reaction such as perchloric acid, sulfuric acid,p-toluenesulfonic acid, hydrochloric acid and nitric acid. The composition of ET was determined by Gas Chromatography (GC-FID). The ester group was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and the structure was confirmed by proton and carbon Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H-NMR and13C-NMR) spectra. 70% of ET was successfully synthesized using perchloric acid in this research. The pour point of the product was observed as low as –23°C, flash point is >300°C and viscosity index is 150.

scholarly journals Synthesis of Cyclohexylcresols by Alkylation of Cresols with Cyclohexanol in the Presence of Perchloric Acid

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Ashaduzzaman ◽  
A. M. Sarwaruddin Chowdhury ◽  
Manoranjan Saha
Keyword(s):  
Perchloric Acid ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Time Of Reaction

Cyclohexylcresols were synthesized in high yield by the alkylation of cresols with cyclohexanol in the presence of perchloric acid as catalyst. The effects of the variation of temperature, molar ratio of cresol to cyclohexanol, time of reaction and amount of catalyst on the reactions were also extensively studied. The products were confirmed by spectral means and physicochemical constants.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujs.v60i2.11503 Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 60(2): 195-198, 2012 (July)

Synthesis of symmetrical and unsymmetrical subphthalocyanine dimers containing a hydroquinone bridge

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 1167-1172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lakshmi C. Kasi Viswanath ◽  
Laura D. Shirtcliff ◽  
K. Darrell Berlin
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Analysis ◽  
Chlorine Atom ◽  
Pressure Vessel ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Mass Spectral Analysis ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Mass Spectral ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
C Nmr

Three novel hydroquinone-based symmetrically and unsymmetrically substituted subphthalocyanine (SubPc) dimers have been synthesized through the axial substitution of the macrocycle. The mono SubPc hydroquinone derivative (Hq-SubPc) first prepared acts as a nucleophile which replaces the chlorine atom of the second SubPc molecule to form the dimer. The dimers were obtained by reacting hydroquinone and the respective SubPcs in a 1:1 molar ratio in toluene at 180 °C in a pressure vessel. This new approach allowed stoichiometric quantities of reactants to be utilized. All dimers were characterized by 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, UV-vis, fluorescence and mass spectral analysis.

scholarly journals Copolymers incorporated with β-substituted acrylate synthesized by organo-catalyzed group-transfer polymerization

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Motosuke Imada ◽  
Yasumasa Takenaka ◽  
Takeharu Tsuge ◽  
Hideki Abe
Keyword(s):  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Mechanical Analysis ◽  
Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Butyl Methacrylate ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Thermal Stabilities ◽  
Group Transfer ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Flight Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Silicon Based

AbstractVarious copolymers incorporated with β-substituted acrylates, such as alkyl crotonates (e.g., methyl crotonate (MC), ethyl crotonate (EC), isopropyl crotonate (iPC), and n-butyl crotonate (nBC)) and methyl cinnamate (MCin), were synthesized by group-transfer polymerization (GTP) using a silicon-based Lewis acid catalyst. In addition to β-substituted acrylates, α-substituted acrylates (e.g., methyl methacrylate (MMA) and n-butyl methacrylate (nBMA)) were examined as comonomers. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) characterizations of the obtained copolymers revealed that each monomer component was incorporated sufficiently. The thermal stabilities of the resulting copolymers were investigated by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), indicating that the glass-transition temperature (Tg) of the copolymers can be widely varied over a relatively high-temperature range by selecting the optimal comonomer. More specifically, the Tg values of poly(MC-random-EC) (MC/EC molar ratio = 50/50), poly(MC-random-nBC) (MC/nBC molar ratio = 50/50), poly(MC-random-MCin) (MC/MCin molar ratio = 54/46), and poly(nBC-random-MCin) (nBC/MCin molar ratio = 56/44) were 173, 130, 216, and 167 °C, respectively.

scholarly journals Synthesis of 2-Cycloalkyl-4-chlorophenols

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-202
Author(s):  
Md. Ashaduzzaman ◽  
Dipti Saha ◽  
Manoranjan Saha
Keyword(s):  
Perchloric Acid ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Time Of Reaction

2-Cycloalkyl-4-chlorophenols were synthesized in high yield by the alkylation of p-chlorophenol with cyclopentanol and cyclohexanol in the presence of perchloric acid as catalyst. The effects of the variation of temperature, molar ratio of p-chlorophenol to cycloalcohols, time of reaction and amount of catalyst on the reactions were also studied.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujs.v60i2.11504 Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 60(2): 199-202, 2012 (July)

scholarly journals Separation and Enrichment of Omega 3, 6, and 9 Fatty Acids from the By-Products of Vietnamese Basa Fish Processing using Deep Eutectic Solvent

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Thanh Xuan Le Thi ◽  
Hoai Lam Tran ◽  
Thanh Son Cu ◽  
Son Lam Ho
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Choline Chloride ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvent ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Fish Processing ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
By Products ◽  
C Nmr

Omega 3, 6, and 9 fatty acids were separated and enriched successfully from the by-products of Vietnamese Basa fish processing by the deep eutectic solvent. The total amounts of omega fatty acids were about 57% in the raw material, and they were amounted to 91% after the first separation by DES. The optimal mass ratio is 20 g methyl ester with 200 g methanol and 15–20 g DES. Moreover, the ionic liquid-DES was successfully synthesized with the molar ratio of choline chloride/urea of 1 : 1 and 2 : 1. The characteristics of DES were determined and demonstrated by FTIR, TGA, DSC, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR analysis methods.

A Simple and Efficient Route for Preparing 4-Chloro-3,5-Dinitropyrazole

2014 ◽  
Vol 1025-1026 ◽  
pp. 466-469
Author(s):  
Qiao Rui ◽  
Yan Hong Wang ◽  
Yong Xiang Li
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Energetic Compound ◽  
Efficient Route ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
Single Factor Experiment ◽  
Optimum Reaction Condition ◽  
C Nmr

4-Chloro-3,5-dinitropyrazole(ClDNP) as an insensitive energetic compound has been prepared with 4-Chloropyrazole(4-ClP)via nitrated by mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid. The reactionconditions were investigated, such as the molar ratio of 4-chloropyrazole and HNO3, reaction temperature, reaction time. Through the single factor experiment, the optimum reaction condition was determined that the molar ratio of 4-chloropyrazole and HNO3 was 1:4, the reaction time was 4h, the reaction temperature was 100-105°C. The yield of the ClDNP was up to 73.8% under the above conditions．The ClDNP was re-crystallization by methylbenzene.The target product was characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and Gauss Photography．

Reactions of 21-Acetoxy-16α,17α-epoxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione with Nitrogen-Containing Nucleophilic Agents

1997 ◽  
Vol 62 (7) ◽  
pp. 1095-1104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiří Protiva ◽  
Thi Thu Huong Nguyen ◽  
Jiří Urban ◽  
Eva Klinotová
Keyword(s):  
Perchloric Acid ◽  
Sodium Azide ◽  
Mass Spectra ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
C Nmr

21-Acetoxy-16α,17α-epoxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione (1) enters a reaction with acetonitrile catalyzed by perchloric acid, giving unusual products with the furostane skeleton. In contrast to analogous reactions, the reaction with sodium azide results in the azido derivative possessing the non-rearranged ring D. The 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectra are discussed.

Oligomerization of 1-Butylene to Lubricant Catalyzed by Bis(tetramethyl cyclopentadienyl) Zirconium Dichloride/MAO

2013 ◽  
Vol 634-638 ◽  
pp. 659-663
Author(s):  
Mei Chao Chen ◽  
Huai Qi Shao ◽  
Tao Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Pour Point ◽  
Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Viscosity Index ◽  
Catalyst System ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Base Oil ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Co Catalysts ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Optimal Reaction

Oligomerization of 1-butylene catalyzed by Bis(tetramethylcyclopentadienyl) Zirconium dichloride/MAO was investigated in detail under different conditions including reaction temperature, Al/Zr molar ratios, co-catalysts, concentration of catalyst to determine the optimal reaction conditions. The work shown that oligomer of 1-butylene in this catalyst system featured a kind of base oil of lubricant with pour point of -22 °C, kinematic viscosity of 2999 mm2/s at 40 °C and 2530 mm2/s at 100 °C, viscosity index of 258 and a moderate average molecular weight. In addition, the oligomer obtained was characterized by 1H-NMR and IR.

scholarly journals Crystal structure of (E)-4-hydroxy-6-methyl-3-{1-[2-(4-nitrophenyl)hydrazinylidene]ethyl}-2H-pyran-2-one

2017 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirandeep ◽  
Ahmad Husain ◽  
Pooja Negi ◽  
Girijesh Kumar ◽  
Ramesh Kataria
Keyword(s):  
Single Crystal ◽  
Crystal Packing ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Dehydroacetic Acid ◽  
Compound C ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
C Nmr

The title compound, C14H13N3O5(HMNP), was synthesized by the simple condensation ofp-nitrophenylhydrazine with dehydroacetic acid (DHA) in a 1:1 molar ratio in ethanol. HMNP has been characterized by using FT–IR,1H and13C NMR and UV–Vis spectroscopic and single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. The crystal packing reveals strong hydrogen bonds between the NH group and the carbonyl O atom of dihydropyranone moiety, forming chains along [101]. The thermal stability of the synthesized compound was confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis and it was found to be stable up to 513 K. The UV–Vis spectrum shows the presence of a strong band at λmax394 nm.1H NMR and single-crystal X-ray analyses confirmed the presence of theenolform of the ligand and dominance over theketoform. The crystal studied was a non-merohedral twin with the refined ratio of the twin components being 0.3720 (19):0.6280 (19).

scholarly journals Optimization of process conditions for catalytic alkylation of isomeric cresols with cyclohexene

2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-160
Author(s):  
Mohammad Kamruzzaman ◽  
Ashequl Alam Rana ◽  
Manoranjan Saha
Keyword(s):  
Perchloric Acid ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Reaction Parameters ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Optimum Yield ◽  
Catalytic Alkylation ◽  
Time Of Reaction

Alkylation of isomeric cresols with cyclohexene in presence of perchloric acid as catalyst was studied and cyclohexyl cresols obtained in high yield. The effects of the variation of reaction parameters such as temperature, molar ratio of cresol to cyclohexene, amount of perchloric acid and time of reaction were investigated. The yield of the products increased with the increase of each of the above-mentioned parameters. Optimum yield (97.6% for cyclohexyl m-cresol; 95.4% for 2-cyclohexyl-4-methylphenol and 91.2% for cyclohexyl o-cresol) of the products were obtained under the reaction conditions of a temperature of 140ºC; an 8-6:1 molar ratio of cresol to cyclohexene, a 5% by weight perchloric acid of cresol, a 2 h time of addition of cyclohexene and a 2 h time of stirring of the reaction mixture. Considering the yields of cyclohexyl cresols and ease of purifications, the above mentioned conditions were accounted as optimum for the alkylation of isomeric cresols with cyclohexene in the presence of perchloric acid.   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v47i2.11446   Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 47(2), 153-160, 2012  

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