Separation and Enrichment of Omega 3, 6, and 9 Fatty Acids from the By-Products of Vietnamese Basa Fish Processing using Deep Eutectic Solvent

Omega 3, 6, and 9 fatty acids were separated and enriched successfully from the by-products of Vietnamese Basa fish processing by the deep eutectic solvent. The total amounts of omega fatty acids were about 57% in the raw material, and they were amounted to 91% after the first separation by DES. The optimal mass ratio is 20 g methyl ester with 200 g methanol and 15–20 g DES. Moreover, the ionic liquid-DES was successfully synthesized with the molar ratio of choline chloride/urea of 1 : 1 and 2 : 1. The characteristics of DES were determined and demonstrated by FTIR, TGA, DSC, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR analysis methods.

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NADES-based fractionation of biomass to produce raw material for the preparation of cellulose acetates

Cellulose ◽

10.1007/s10570-020-03251-1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 27 (12) ◽

pp. 6831-6848

Author(s):

L. A. Soto-Salcido ◽

I. Anugwom ◽

L. Ballinas-Casarrubias ◽

M. Mänttäri ◽

M. Kallioinen

Keyword(s):

Choline Chloride ◽

Deep Eutectic Solvent ◽

Raw Material ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Sodium Chlorite ◽

Waste Biomass ◽

Birch Wood ◽

Fractionation Process ◽

Wide Range ◽

Cellulose Acetates

Abstract Waste biomass (agave bagasse) and native birch wood were used as raw materials for a novel fractionation and derivation process to produce cellulose acetates (CAs). During the first stage of the fractionation process, a significant amount of hemicelluloses and lignin were dissolved from the biomass using a natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) that consisted of a mixture of choline chloride and lactic acid with the molar ratio of 1:9. Then, the residual solid material was delignified by bleaching it with a mixture of acetic acid and sodium chlorite. The fractionation process generated differently purified pulps (celluloses) which were converted to CAs. The crystallinity index, polymerization degree, chemical composition, and thermal properties of the differently purified pulps and CAs were analyzed to evaluate the efficacy of the acetylation process and to characterize the CAs. The chemical derivation of the differently purified cellulose samples generated CAs with different degrees of substitution (DSs). The more purified the cellulose sample was, the higher its DS was. Moreover, some differences were observed between the acetylation efficiencies of birch and agave bagasse. Typically, cellulose purified from birch by treating it with NADES followed by bleaching was acetylated more completely (DS = 2.94) than that derived from agave bagasse (DS = 2.45). These results revealed that using green solvents, such as NADES, to treat both agave bagasse (waste biomass) and birch wood, allowed pure fractions to be obtained from biomass, and thus, biomass could be valorized into products such as CAs, which present a wide range of applications.

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Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Lipids and Enrichment of DHA from Freshwater Fish Processing Wastes in Thailand

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1044-1045.444 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1044-1045 ◽

pp. 444-447 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Thitiphan Chimsook

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Freshwater Fish ◽

Supercritical Fluid Extraction ◽

Supercritical Fluid ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Fish Processing ◽

Fluid Extraction ◽

Processing Wastes ◽

By Products

Nowadays, an awareness of health benefits of omega-3 has been found. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially DHA, are more attention due to their role in human health. Hence, this study investigated the potential of by-products as freshwater fish source of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFAs). The by-products of processing accounted for approximately 55% of the catfish industry. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of the by-products at 35 MPa, 40 ◦C, ethanol (95%, v/v) as the co-solvent, and the mass ratio of by-products to co-solvent as 1:1 generated a lipid yield at 30.9% and 21.5 % docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Additionally, urea complexation was an effective tool to enrich and purify DHA from lipids. DHA purity increased from 21.5% to 38.4% under the optimum complexation condition.

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A green extraction design for enhancing flavonoid compounds from Ixora javanica flowers using a deep eutectic solvent

Royal Society Open Science ◽

10.1098/rsos.201116 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (10) ◽

pp. 201116

Author(s):

Nina Dewi Oktaviyanti ◽

Kartini Kartini ◽

Mochammad Arbi Hadiyat ◽

Ellen Rachmawati ◽

Andre Chandra Wijaya ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Extraction Method ◽

Choline Chloride ◽

Deep Eutectic Solvent ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Raw Material ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Flavonoid Compound ◽

Total Flavonoids ◽

Green Extraction ◽

Optimum Extraction

In this study, an environmentally friendly extraction method for flavonoid compound from Ixora javanica , as a new raw material candidate for herbal medicine and cosmetics, was developed. The objectives of the present work were to provide recommendations for the optimal extraction conditions and to investigate the effects of any extraction parameters on flavonoid yields from the I. javanica flower. The extraction process was performed using deep eutectic solvent (DES) (choline chloride and propylene glycol at molar ratio of 1 : 1) and the ultrasound-assisted extraction method. Both single-factor and response surface analyses using three-level and three-factor Box Behnken designs were conducted to obtain the optimum flavonoid concentrations. The results showed that the optimum extraction conditions for total flavonoids featured an extraction time of 40 min, 25% water content in DES and a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1 : 25 g ml −1 . An extract obtained under optimum extraction conditions showed higher total flavonoid yields than an ethanolic extract which was used for comparison. Scanning electron microscope images demonstrated that both of the solvents also showed different effects on the outer surface of the I. javanica flower during the extraction process. In summary, our work succeeded in determining the optimum conditions for total flavonoids in the I. javanica flower using a green extraction method.

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Sustainable Management of Secondary Raw Materials from the Marine Food-Chain: A Case-Study Perspective

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12218997 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (21) ◽

pp. 8997

Author(s):

Massimo Lucarini ◽

Antonio Zuorro ◽

Gabriella Di Lena ◽

Roberto Lavecchia ◽

Alessandra Durazzo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Food Products ◽

Added Value ◽

Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Fish Processing ◽

Secondary Raw Materials ◽

Marine Food ◽

By Products

The feasibility of exploiting secondary raw materials from marine food-chains as a source of molecules of nutritional interest, to create high-value food products and to meet nutritional challenges, is described in this report. A reduction in food waste is urgent as many sectors of the food industry damage the environment by depleting resources and by generating waste that must be treated. The project herein described, deals with the recovery of natural molecules, omega-3 fatty acids (EPA, DHA) and of α-tocopherol, from fish processing by-products. This would promote the sustainable development of new food products for human nutrition, as well as nutraceuticals. The growing awareness of increasing omega-3 fatty acids intake, has focused attention on the importance of fish as a natural source of these molecules in the diet. Therefore, a study on the concentration of these bioactive compounds in such matrices, as well as new green methodologies for their recovery, are necessary. This would represent an example of a circular economy process applied to the seafood value chain. Fish processing by-products, so far considered as waste, can hopefully be reutilized as active ingredients into food products of high added-value, thus maximizing the sustainability of fish production.

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Enzyme-Assisted Extraction of Fish Oil from Whole Fish and by-Products of Baltic Herring (Clupea harengus membras)

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10081811 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 1811

Author(s):

Ella Aitta ◽

Alexis Marsol-Vall ◽

Annelie Damerau ◽

Baoru Yang

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Fish Oil ◽

Crude Oil ◽

Proteolytic Enzymes ◽

Clupea Harengus ◽

Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Baltic Herring ◽

By Products

Baltic herring (Clupea harengus membras) is one of the most abundant commercially caught fish species from the Baltic Sea. Despite the high content of fat and omega-3 fatty acids, the consumption of Baltic herring has decreased dramatically over the last four decades, mostly due to the small sizes and difficulty in processing. At the same time there is an increasing global demand for fish and fish oil rich in omega-3 fatty acids. This study aimed to investigate enzyme-assisted oil extraction as an environmentally friendly process for valorizing the underutilized fish species and by-products to high quality fish oil for human consumption. Three different commercially available proteolytic enzymes (Alcalase®, Neutrase® and Protamex®) and two treatment times (35 and 70 min) were investigated in the extraction of fish oil from whole fish and by-products from filleting of Baltic herring. The oil quality and stability were studied with peroxide- and p-anisidine value analyses, fatty acid analysis with GC-FID, and volatile compounds with HS-SPME-GC-MS. Overall, longer extraction times led to better oil yields but also increased oxidation of the oil. For whole fish, the highest oil yields were from the 70-min extractions with Neutrase and Protamex. Protamex extraction with 35 min resulted in the best fatty acid composition with the highest content of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) but also increased oxidation compared to treatment with other enzymes. For by-products, the highest oil yield was obtained from the 70-min extraction with Protamex without significant differences in EPA and DHA contents among the oils extracted with different enzymes. Oxidation was lowest in the oil produced with 35-min treatment using Neutrase and Protamex. This study showed the potential of using proteolytic enzymes in the extraction of crude oil from Baltic herring and its by-products. However, further research is needed to optimize enzymatic processing of Baltic herring and its by-products to improve yield and quality of crude oil.

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Synthesis, Characterization, and Agricultural Biological Activities of 5-Fluoro-2-hydroxy Butyrophenone

Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2013/895892 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Fengli Xin ◽

Chunhua Du ◽

Gongjia Lan ◽

Zhuanping Wu

Keyword(s):

Lactuca Sativa ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Raw Material ◽

Synthetic Approach ◽

Target Compound ◽

Echinochloa Crusgalli ◽

Agricultural Plant ◽

H Nmr ◽

Valsa Mali ◽

C Nmr

A novel synthetic approach towards 5-fluoro-2-hydroxy butyrophenone is reported. Using 4-fluorophenol as a raw material, the processes of etherification protection, Friedel-Crafts acylation and demethylation provide the target compound under mild conditions. The structure was characterized by the melting point and IR, MS,1H-NMR, and13C-NMR spectroscopy. The bioassay results indicate that the target compound exhibits potent antifungal activities againstValsa mali,Coniella dipodiella, and other agricultural plant fungi. The target compound also shows potent herbicidal activities forLactuca sativa, a dicotyledon, andEchinochloa crus-galli, a monocotyledon. The toxicity regression C50values of the compound againstValsa mali,Coniothyrium diplodiella,Lactuca sativaseedling, andEchinochloa crusgalliseedling were calculated by SPSS. The Hormesis effect for roots ofEchinochloa crusgalliwas confirmed.

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Application of Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) as a Reaction Media for the Esterification of Acrylic Acid with n-Butanol

International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering ◽

10.1515/ijcre-2014-0164 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 389-393 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Emine Sert

Keyword(s):

Catalytic Activity ◽

Acrylic Acid ◽

Batch Reactor ◽

Choline Chloride ◽

Deep Eutectic Solvent ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Catalyst Loading ◽

Toluene Sulfonic Acid ◽

Effects Of Temperature ◽

Reaction Media

Abstract Within the framework of green chemistry, catalysts should be met different criteria such as biodegradability, recyclability, flammability, non-toxicity and low price. Acidic deep eutectic solvent (DES) have been synthesized for this purpose, by mixing para-toluene sulfonic acid and choline chloride. The catalytic activity of DES was studied in the esterification of acrylic acid with n-butanol. The usage of DES as catalyst is simple, safe and cheap. The effects of temperature, catalyst loading, n-butanol/acrylic acid molar ratio on the conversion of acrylic acid were performed. The batch reactor experiments were carried out at temperatures of 338, 348, 358 and 368 K, molar ratio of butanol to acrylic acid of 1, 2,3 and catalyst loading of 10, 15, 20 and 90 g/L. 90.2% of acrylic acid conversion was achieved at a temperature of 358 K and catalyst loading of 20 g/L. Reusability of DES was investigated. Reusability and catalytic activity makes DES efficient as catalyst.

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Microalgae based innovative animal fat and proteins replacers for application in functional baked products

Open Agriculture ◽

10.1515/opag-2018-0047 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 427-436 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Maria-Styliani-Georgia Kafyra ◽

Sofia Papadaki ◽

Marios Chronis ◽

Magdalini Krokida

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Raw Material ◽

Food Allergies ◽

Bakery Products ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Microalgal Oil ◽

Animal Fat ◽

Organoleptic Characteristics ◽

Freeze Dried ◽

Baked Products

Abstract Animal fat and proteins, such as milk butter and eggs, are the main ingredients of baked products, and are frequently blamed for food allergies, obesity, cancer and type II diabetes. Therefore, there is an urgent need to replace these ingredients with healthier ones without degrading the organoleptic characteristics of the final product. Microalgae are a great source of protein, minerals and lipids such as omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, which are beneficial for human health, offering multiple health benefits such as antioxidant and anti-aging activity. In this study, Chlorella vulgaris microalgae were the selected raw material for the innovative replacers because of their high content in proteins and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The obtained microalgal oil was colour corrected and used to produce brioche-type baked products with 100% animal fat substitution. For protein recovery, the aquatic extract was freeze-dried, producing a dry protein powder that fully substituted the animal protein in the baked products. Finally, the development of bakery products with 100% replacement of both animal fat and protein was achieved. These innovative bakery products showed equal performance to the commercial ones, and even improved organoleptic characteristics according to the sensorial analysis that occurred.

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Lipid Indexes and Quality Evaluation of Omega-3 Rich Oil from the Waste of Japanese Spanish Mackerel Extracted by Supercritical CO2

Marine Drugs ◽

10.3390/md20010070 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 70

Author(s):

Vikash Chandra Roy ◽

Jin-Seok Park ◽

Truc Cong Ho ◽

Byung-Soo Chun

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Supercritical Co2 ◽

Heart Diseases ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Atherogenic Index ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Coronary Heart Diseases ◽

Spanish Mackerel ◽

By Products

Japanese Spanish mackerel (JSM) (Scomberomorus niphonius) is a marine fish species containing health-beneficial polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). In the present study, the quality of JSM by-products oils extracted by supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) and organic solvent extraction was compared in terms of physico-chemical properties of the oils. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is one of the important polyunsaturated fatty acids present in SC-CO2-extracted skin and muscle oil 5.81 ± 0.69% and 4.93 ± 0.06%, respectively. The amount of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in SC-CO2-extracted skin and muscle oil was 12.56 ± 0.38% and 15.01 ± 0.28%, respectively. EPA and DHA are considered as important PUFAs for the development of brain function and the prevention of coronary heart diseases. Extracted oils showed considerable antioxidant activity. In the obtained oils, atherogenic index (AI) values varied from 0.72 to 0.93 and thrombogenic index (TI) ranged from 0.75 to 0.92, which is considered an acceptable level. Fatty acid composition, bio potentiality, thermogravimetric, and vitamin D analysis showed that oils extracted from JSM by-products can be a good source of oil for application in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Therefore, the present research revealed the potentiality of green valorisation of S. niphonius by-products as a possible sustainable approach for targeting the era of zero waste.

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Recent progress on immobilization technology in enzymatic conversion of marine by-products to concentrated omega-3 fatty acids

Green Chemistry ◽

10.1039/d1gc03127a ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yi Liu ◽

Deepika Dave

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Docosahexaenoic Acid ◽

Eicosapentaenoic Acid ◽

Recent Progress ◽

Enzymatic Conversion ◽

Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Immobilization Technology ◽

By Products

Marine by-products (heads, frames, trimmings, viscera, skin and scales) have been extensively investigated as sources of marine omega-3 fatty acids (mainly eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid). Traditionally, extraction of fish...

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