The Investigation of Viscometric Properties of the Most Reputable Types of Viscosity Index Improvers in Different Lubricant Base Oils: API Groups I, II, and III

Four commercial viscosity index improvers (VII) have been used to investigate the behavioral differences of these compounds in three types of universally applicable base oils. The used VIIs are structurally three types of co-polymer: ethylene-propylene, star isoprene, and two di-block styrene-isoprene. After dissolving of different amounts of VIIs in different base oils, the kinematic viscosities at two standard temperatures were determined and the intrinsic viscosities were calculated according to Huggins method, then the effects of changes in base oil and polymer type were investigated. Intrinsic viscosities as criteria for polymer molecules sizes were found to be higher at lower temperature than at higher temperature. Dependence of intrinsic viscosity on the polymer molecular weight was observed. In the previous works, one or two types of VIIs were studied in only one type of base oil and/or solvent, not different base oils. Furthermore, different ranges of temperatures and concentrations not necessarily applied ranges were selected, but in this work, common base oils and most commercial VIIs were used and the viscometric properties were compared at two temperatures. Viscosities at these temperatures are used for determining VI and definition of lubricant’s viscosity grades. VI improvement is the main cause of VII usage.

Monitoring of Liquid Viscosity for Viscous Dampers through a Wireless Impedance Measurement System

Viscous dampers are a type of seismic damping equipment widely used in high-rise buildings and bridges. However, the viscosity of the damping fluid inside the viscous damper will change over time during its use, which significantly reduces the seismic performance of the viscous damper. Hence, it is necessary to monitor the viscosity of the fluid inside the damper over its service life. In this paper, a damping fluid viscosity monitoring method based on wireless impedance measurement technology is proposed. A piezoelectric sensor is installed in a damper cylinder specimen, and the viscosity of the damping fluid is determined by measuring the piezoelectric impedance value of the sensor. In this study, 10 samples of damping fluids with different viscosities are tested. In order to quantitatively correlate damping fluid viscosity and electrical impedance, a viscosity index (VI) based on the root mean square deviation (RMSD) is proposed. The experimental results show that the variation of the real part in the impedance signal can qualitatively determine the damping fluid viscosity while the proposed VI can effectively and quantitatively identify the damping fluid viscosity.

Study on the influence of the cotton storage process on the quality indicators of fiber and yarn

This article defines fiber quality indicators that differ in laboratory conditions from the upper, middle and lower layers of Bukhara-6 breeding varieties of cotton, in the modern system HVI 1000 SA. Based on the results of the study, histograms of changes in the quality of cotton fiber in the layers of the harem are presented. As an alternative, the quality indicators of yarn obtained in the laboratory spinning device “Sherli” of small size from fiber were determined. As can be seen from the analysis of the test results, it was found that the comparative elongation strength of cotton obtained from the lower layer of the stack, the upper average length, elongation at break, the light output coefficient, decreased compared to other layers of the stack, on the contrary, the index of hip fibers, increased, decreased compared to other layers of the stack. In addition, according to the results of the tests obtained, the fiber viscosity index was obtained – the correlation between the properties of fibers and the properties of yarn, the thread viscosity index was estimated by the CSP (COUNT STRENGTH PRODUKT) coefficient, which was determined by the formula for carded yarn obtained in the laboratory spinning device “Sherli” from fiber stored in the refrigerator. The obtained results showed that the relationship between fiber properties and yarn properties due to the fact that the maturity index of a thread is at the top of the stack compared to the middle and lower part of the stack.

Effect of honeydew honey addition on the water activity and water holding capacity of kefir in the context of its sensory acceptability

The aim of the research was to check how the addition of honeydew honey and various compositions of starter cultures affects the water holding capacity, water activity, color, syneresis and consistency of the obtained kefir in the context of its sensory acceptability. In this research, 2.5% and 5% (w/w) honeydew honey was added to the samples of model kefir (K) and commercial kefir (K13). Kefirs differed by the type of used starter cultures and conditions of production. The addition of honeydew honey to kefir resulted in increased water holding capacity and a reduction in water activity. Honeydew honey kefir was characterized by the following flavor: astringent, fruity, pungent and waxy. As the honey content increased, the taste and waxy flavor became sweeter. In the sensory assessment, the attributes of texture and mouthfeel, creaminess, density and firmness, do not change because of the honey amount or storage time of the samples. The use of different starter cultures in kefir production with the addition of honeydew honey impacted texture parameters, resulting in up to a 4.8-fold increased viscosity index.

Valuation slagging factors and greenhouse gases emissions of paper mill reject and coal

There are quite a lot of paper mill rejects (PMR) as a by-product of paper mills and have not been utilized, currently. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the characteristics of paper mill reject (PMR) to coal and natural biomass and estimate the greenhouse (GHG) emissions of PMR and coal. Coal and PMR taken from five paper mills were analyzed for the content of moisture, proximate parameter (ash, volatile matter, fixed carbon), sulfur (S), gross calorific value (GCV), ash mineral and ash fusion temperature (AFT). The slagging factors of materials were calculated and evaluated. The resulting greenhouse gasses (GHG) emissions was also estimated. The results show that with the high calorific value, low ash and sulfur content of PMR, it has the potential to be used as a coal mixture for boiler fuel. It is very beneficial for the environment due to the low SO2 emissions. PMR has the characteristics of a low slagging index (SI), high fouling index (FI) and Slag Viscosity Index (SVI) which is almost similar with biomass, empty fruit bunches (EFB) and rice husk. The use of PMR as a coal mixture in paper mills in the amount of 10,285 ton/year can reduce greenhouse gases of 63.5 tons CO2-equivalent/year.

Number of Times Recycled and Its Effect on the Recyclability, Fluidity and Tensile Properties of Polypropylene Injection Molded Parts

The ease with which modern plastics can be injection molded makes them very suitable for the production of many different products and, today, plastics are often used as substitutes for metal. Polypropylene (PP) is one of the most widely used thermoplastics globally since it is very useful, cost-effective and flexible for molding. However, the amount of harm to the environment caused by plastic waste has become phenomenal and the recycling of plastics has become a serious aspect of environmental protection. PP, as the most commonly used plastic material, was selected for use in this study. It has a melt flow index of 15 g/min and its recyclability, fluidity, and physical properties, as well as manufacturing conditions, were explored in relation to the number of times the material could be recycled (TR). A cavity pressure sensor was used to measure the viscosity index of the recycled plastic after multiple cycles of plasticizing and injection, part molding, scrap-recycling, and crushing. A paperclip-shaped test specimen was used to determine PP fluidity and crystallinity of specimens with different TRs. Tensile tests were used to detect differences in the tensile strength between specimens made from Raw-PP and recycled PP. The results showed that PP that had been recycled several times had a higher melt flow index, material fluidity, melting peak area, crystallinity, crystallization rate, and crystallization temperature. Repeated injection and recycling of the material had reduced the length of the molecular chains and broadened the molecular weight distribution. This improved the fluidity and increased crystallinity. The increase in fluidity made cavity filling easier, reducing the cavity pressure as well as the viscosity index. The results of this study showed that the recycling of the PP could improve the physical properties of the products to a degree and also went some way to further the benefits of a circular economy. The recycling of injection-molded PP material can be added to renewable energy technologies and used in environmental impact assessment.

Synthesis and use of TMP ester biolubricant derived from cottonseed oil in SI engine

Purpose Depleting reserves of crude oils and their adverse environmental effects have shifted focus toward environment friendly and biobased lubricant base oils. Natural oils and fats act as good lubricants but they have low oxidation and thermal stability which makes them unsuitable for modern day uses. This paper aims to produce trimethylolpropane ester biolubricant from cottonseed oil and study the effects of its use in spark ignition (SI) engines. Design/methodology/approach In this work, cottonseed oil is converted to TMP lubricant by a two-step based catalyzed esterification. The lubricants thermophysical properties are then analyzed and a 20% blend with synthetic poly-alpha olefin is used in an spark ignition engine. Findings The produced lubricant has viscosity @100oC of 4.91 cSt, a viscosity index of 230 and a flash point of 202oC. When used as a 20% blend in a petrol engine, the rate of oil deterioration was reduced by 18%, however, the overall wear increased by 6.7%. However, this increase is offset by its improved environmental impacts. Originality/value In its current state, such a biolubricant can be used as an additive to most commercially available lubricants to improve oil deterioration characteristics and environmental impact. However, further work on improving biolubricant’s wear characteristics is needed for the complete replacement of mineral oil-based lubricants.

The i̇nfluence of water on the change i̇n engi̇ne oi̇l quali̇ty i̇ndi̇cators

Introduction. One of the main types of deposits in an internal combustion engine is an emulsion or sludge formed by water, decomposition of fuel residues and solid residues. The sludge usually settles on the colder surfaces of the engine, such as the bottom of the crankcase pan, valve chambers and upper boards. The main problem is that this type of deposits can be collected by the engine oil and transferred to areas such as the oil pump, intake valve or oil channels, where the sludge can interfere with the flow of oil and cause a failure of the lubrication mode. In addition to the disruption in the operation of the above-mentioned systems, the engine oil quality indicators are also undergoing changes for the worse.Materials and methods. To monitor the condition of the engine oil, it is necessary to determine the characteristics of its performance, such as: kinematic viscosity at 40 oC and at 100 oC, acid number, base number and determine the number of elements – indicators of additives and wear products contained in the engine oil. The viscosity was determined using a Stabinger SVM 3000 viscometer. It measures the dynamic viscosity and density of oils and fuels in accordance with ASTM D7042 and automatically calculates the kinematic viscosity, viscosity index and outputs the measurement results. The acid and base numbers were determined using an automatic titrator TitroLine alpha plus, and the presence of indicator elements in engine oil using an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer of the iCAP 7000 series, designed for analysis and determination of the number of indicator elements in liquid and solid samples.Results. The dynamics of changes in the performance characteristics of the Gazpromneft Diesel Ultra 10W-40 engine oil with an extended replacement interval, which is applicable for equipment operating in severe conditions, depending on the water content in the samples of this lubricant, was analyzed.Conclusion. The consequences that may occur due to water entering the engine oil are indicated.

Kinetic Study on Microwave-Assisted Oligomerization of 1-Decene over a HY Catalyst

A promising production route for a high-quality base stock for lubricants is the oligomerization of high molecular-weight olefins in a high energy efficiency system. Oligomerization of 1-decene (C10) was conducted in a microwave-assisted system over a HY zeolite catalyst at different reaction temperatures and times. Higher reaction temperature resulted in increasing formation of dimers and trimers. The oligomerization reaction yielded 80% conversion, 54.2% dimer product, 22.3% trimer product and 3.4% heavier product at 483 K for a reaction time of 3 h. The best fit kinetic model for the dimerization reaction was formulated from an assumption of no vacant reaction sites. For the trimerization reaction, a molecule of dimer (C20) formed on the active site, interacted with a molecule of 1-decene in the bulk solution to form a molecule of trimer (C30). Apparent activation energies for the dimerization and trimerization reactions were 70.8 ± 0.8 and 83.6 ± 0.9 kJ/mol, respectively. The C13-NMR spectrum indicated that the oligomer product contained a significant portion of highly branched hydrocarbons, causing a substantial reduction in the viscosity index compared to conventional poly-alpha olefin lubricant (PAO).

DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMPONENT COMPOSITION OF THE BIODEGRADABLE LIQUID LUBRICANT FOR SAW CHAINS

The procedure of working out of the component composition of the biodegradable liquid lubricant for the saw chains is shown. The experimental statistical mathematical model is developed for the optimization of the formulation of the main base taking into account the necessary viscosity and temperature parameters. At the same time the kinematic viscosity of the base body at the temperature of 40 °C and its pure point are chosen as the optimization criteria and the following three factors are used as the optimization parameters: the content of vegetable (rapeseed) oil in the composition, the viscosity of mineral oil at the temperature of 40 °C and the content of an adhesive additive in the base composition. The component composition of the lubricant is adjusted to achieve the required level of tribological properties of the saw chain oil and to ensure the stability of all its characteristics during storage (at least 12 months) and operation at a given level of biodegradability (at least 90 %). In particular, the biodegradable calcium sulfonate grease OIMOL KSC BIO was selected as an additive to improve tribological parameters. The special adhesive additive for vegetable oils of the Petrolad 484BD brand is used to increase the sedimentation stability, and the highly refined oil of group III according to the API standard is recommended to use as a mineral component. The developed lubricant has the following characteristics: density at 15 °C — 926 kg/m3, kinematic viscosity at 40 °C — 47.3 mm2/s, kinematic viscosity at 100 °C — 9.9 mm2/s, viscosity index — 202, pour point — –28 °C, flash point — 272 °C, critical load — 872 N, welding load — 1,600 N, wear index at 200 N — 0.39 mm, biodegradability — 93 %.