Interplay between HIV-1 and Host Genetic Variation: A Snapshot into Its Impact on AIDS and Therapy Response

As of February 2012, 50 circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) have been reported for HIV-1 while one CRF for HIV-2. Also according to HIV sequence compendium 2011, the HIV sequence database is replete with 414,398 sequences. The fact that there are CRFs, which are an amalgamation of sequences derived from six or more subtypes (CRF27_cpx (cpx refers to complex) is a mosaic with sequences from 6 different subtypes besides an unclassified fragment), serves as a testimony to the continual divergent evolution of the virus with its approximate 1% per year rate of evolution, and this phenomenaper seposes tremendous challenge for vaccine development against HIV/AIDS, a devastating disease that has killed 1.8 million patients in 2010. Here, we explore the interaction between HIV-1 and host genetic variation in the context of HIV/AIDS and antiretroviral therapy response.

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HIV-1 Tat-Based Vaccines: An Overview and Perspectives in the Field of HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development

International Reviews of Immunology ◽

10.1080/08830180903013026 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 28 (5) ◽

pp. 285-334 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Antonella Caputo ◽

Riccardo Gavioli ◽

Stefania Bellino ◽

Olimpia Longo ◽

Antonella Tripiciano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vaccine Development ◽

Aids Vaccine ◽

Hiv 1 ◽

Hiv Aids

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The impact of host genetic variation on infection with HIV-1

Nature Immunology ◽

10.1038/ni.3147 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 16 (6) ◽

pp. 577-583 ◽

Cited By ~ 77

Author(s):

Paul J McLaren ◽

Mary Carrington

Keyword(s):

Genetic Variation ◽

Host Genetic ◽

The Impact ◽

Hiv 1

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Genetic variation of the HIV-1 integrase region in newly diagnosed anti-retroviral drug-naïve patients with HIV/AIDS in Korea

Clinical Microbiology and Infection ◽

10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03392.x ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 17 (8) ◽

pp. 1155-1159 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

J.-Y. Kim ◽

E.-J. Kim ◽

J.-Y. Choi ◽

O.-K. Kwon ◽

G.J. Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Variation ◽

Newly Diagnosed ◽

Drug Naïve ◽

Hiv 1 ◽

Hiv Aids

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FcγR Genetic Variation and HIV-1 Vaccine Efficacy: Context And Considerations

Frontiers in Immunology ◽

10.3389/fimmu.2021.788203 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Ria Lassaunière ◽

Caroline T. Tiemessen

Keyword(s):

Genetic Variation ◽

Vaccine Efficacy ◽

Potential Contribution ◽

Efficacy Trials ◽

Receptor Locus ◽

Host Genetic ◽

Mother To Child ◽

Ig G ◽

Hiv 1

Receptors for the crystallisable fragment (Fc) of immunoglobulin (Ig) G, Fcγ receptors (FcγRs), link the humoral and cellular arms of the immune response, providing a diverse armamentarium of antimicrobial effector functions. Findings from HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trials highlight the need for further study of Fc-FcR interactions in understanding what may constitute vaccine-induced protective immunity. These include host genetic correlates identified within the low affinity Fcγ-receptor locus in three HIV-1 efficacy trials – VAX004, RV144, and HVTN 505. This perspective summarizes our present knowledge of FcγR genetics in the context of findings from HIV-1 efficacy trials, and draws on genetic variation described in other contexts, such as mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission and HIV-1 disease progression, to explore the potential contribution of FcγR variability in modulating different HIV-1 vaccine efficacy outcomes. Appreciating the complexity and the importance of the collective contribution of variation within the FCGR gene locus is important for understanding the role of FcγRs in protection against HIV-1 acquisition.

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Distinct antibody-mediated selection in a narrow-source HIV-1 outbreak among Chinese former plasma donors

10.1101/167510 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Sophie M. Andrews ◽

Yonghong Zhang ◽

Tao Dong ◽

Sarah L. Rowland-Jones ◽

Sunetra Gupta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vaccine Development ◽

Acid Sites ◽

Humoral Immune ◽

Founder Virus ◽

Distal Edge ◽

Host Genetic ◽

Significant Positive Selection ◽

Antibody Epitopes ◽

Hiv 1 ◽

Major Target

ABSTRACTThe HIV-1 envelope protein mutates rapidly to evade recognition and killing, and is a major target of the humoral immune response and in vaccine development. Identification of common antibody epitopes for vaccine development have been complicated by large variations on both virus (different infecting founder strains) and host genetic levels. We studied HIV-1 envelopegp120evolution in 12 Chinese former plasma donors infected with a purportedly single founder virus, with the aim of identifying common antibody epitopes under immune selection. We found five amino acid sites to be under significant positive selection in ≥50% of the patients, and 22 sites housing mutations consistent with antibody-mediated selection. Despite strong selection pressure, some sites housed a limited repertoire of amino acids. Structural modelling revealed that most sites were located on the exposed distal edge of the Gp120 trimer, whilst wholly invariant sites clustered within the centre of the protein complex. Four sites, flanking the V3 hypervariable loop of the Gp120, represent novel antibody epitopes that may be suitable as vaccine candidates.

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HIV Vaccine Research: The Challenge and the Way Forward

Journal of Immunology Research ◽

10.1155/2015/503978 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Hai-Bo Wang ◽

Qiu-Hua Mo ◽

Ze Yang

Keyword(s):

Vaccine Development ◽

Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽

Deficiency Syndrome ◽

Future Research ◽

Research Priority ◽

Current Vaccine ◽

History Of ◽

Near Future ◽

Hiv 1 ◽

Hiv Aids

Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a worldwide epidemic, with over 35 million people infected currently. Therefore, the development of a safe and effective HIV-1 vaccine is on top of the global health priority. In the past few years, there have been many promising advances in the prevention of HIV/AIDS, among which the RV144 Thai trial has been encouraging and suggests optimization of the current vaccine strategies or search for novel strategies. Here we reviewed the brief history of HIV-1 vaccine, analyzed key challenges existing now, and illustrated future research priority/directions for a therapeutic or prophylactic HIV-1 vaccine, with the hope of accelerating the speed of vaccine development. We believe that an effective HIV-1 vaccine, together with other prevention approaches, will bring an end to this epidemic in the near future.

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HIV-1 Accessory Proteins: Which one is Potentially Effective in Diagnosis and Vaccine Development?

Protein and Peptide Letters ◽

10.2174/0929866528999201231213610 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

Author(s):

Alireza Milani ◽

Kazem Baesi ◽

Elnaz Agi ◽

Ghazal Marouf ◽

Maryam Ahmadi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Vaccine Development ◽

Treated Group ◽

Vaccine Antigen ◽

Accessory Proteins ◽

Serological Method ◽

Th2 Immune Response ◽

Untreated Individuals ◽

Immunogenic Properties ◽

Hiv 1

Background:: The combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) could increase the number of circulating naive CD4 T lymphocytes, but was not able to eradicate human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection. Objective:: Thus, induction of strong immune responses is important for control of HIV-1 infection. Furthermore, a simple and perfect serological method is required to detect virus in untreated-, treated- and drug resistant- HIV-1 infected individuals. Methods:: This study was conducted to assess and compare immunogenic properties of Nef, Vif, Vpr and Vpu accessory proteins as an antigen candidate in mice and their diagnostic importance in human as a biomarker. Results:: Our data showed that in mice, all heterologous prime/ boost regimens were more potent than homologous prime/ boost regimens in eliciting Th1 response and Granzyme B secretion as CTL activity. Moreover, the Nef, Vpu and Vif proteins could significantly increase Th1 immune response. In contrast, the Vpr protein could considerably induce Th2 immune response. On the other hand, among four accessory proteins, HIV-1 Vpu could significantly detect treated group from untreated group as a possible biomarker in human. Conclusion:: Generally, among accessory proteins, Nef, Vpu and Vif antigens were potentially more suitable vaccine antigen candidates than Vpr antigen. Human antibodies against all these proteins were higher in HIV-1 different groups than healthy group. Among them, Vpu was known as a potent antigen in diagnosis of treated from untreated individuals. The potency of accessory proteins as an antigen candidate in an animal model and a human cohort study are underway.

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The prevalence of hepatitis B and C co-infections among people with HIV-1 in Bulgaria: 2010–2015

Future Virology ◽

10.2217/fvl-2019-0092 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (12) ◽

pp. 791-798

Author(s):

Ivailo Alexiev ◽

Elitsa Golkocheva-Markova ◽

Asya Kostadinova ◽

Reneta Dimitrova ◽

Lora Nikolova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hepatitis C Virus ◽

Hepatitis C ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

Hepatitis B Surface Antigen ◽

Hcv Rna ◽

B Virus ◽

Sex With Men ◽

Multiple Risk Behavior ◽

Hiv 1 ◽

Hiv Aids

Aim: To evaluate hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) among individuals with HIV/AIDS in Bulgaria diagnosed between 2010 and 2015. Materials & methods: A total of 1158 individuals were diagnosed with HIV/AIDS during the study period. Different transmission groups were tested with ELISA and real-time PCR for HBV and HCV markers. Results: Hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis C virus antiboby were found in 9.3 and 23.2% of the tested. HBV DNA and HCV RNA has been found in 47.4 and 69.6%. Hepatitis B and C co-infections were predominant in multiple risk behavior groups, including people who inject drugs, men who have sex with men, prisoners and Roma individuals. Conclusion: HIV prevalence in Bulgaria is low but the rates of hepatitis B and C co-infections among these patients fall within the upper range reported in Europe.

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