scholarly journals Epigenetic Mechanisms Underlying Developmental Plasticity in Horned Beetles

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Valena ◽  
Armin P. Moczek
Keyword(s):  
Epigenetic Regulation ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Model System ◽  
Developmental Genetics ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Horned Beetle ◽  
Compare And Contrast ◽  
Horned Beetles

All developmental plasticity arises through epigenetic mechanisms. In this paper we focus on the nature, origins, and consequences of these mechanisms with a focus on horned beetles, an emerging model system in evolutionary developmental genetics. Specifically, we introduce the biological significance of developmental plasticity and summarize the most important facets of horned beetle biology. We then compare and contrast the epigenetic regulation of plasticity in horned beetles to that of other organisms and discuss how epigenetic mechanisms have facilitated innovation and diversification within and among taxa. We close by highlighting opportunities for future studies on the epigenetic regulation of plastic development in these and other organisms.

scholarly journals DNA methylation regulates transcriptional homeostasis of algal endosymbiosis in the coral modelAiptasia

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Li ◽  
Yi Jin Liew ◽  
Guoxin Cui ◽  
Maha J Cziesielski ◽  
Noura Zahran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Model System ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanism ◽  
Symbiotic Relationship ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Spurious Transcription ◽  
Coral Reef Ecosystems

The symbiotic relationship between cnidarians and dinoflagellates is the cornerstone of coral reef ecosystems. Although research is focusing on the molecular mechanisms underlying this symbiosis, the role of epigenetic mechanisms, which have been implicated in transcriptional regulation and acclimation to environmental change, is unknown. To assess the role of DNA methylation in the cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis, we analyzed genome-wide CpG methylation, histone associations, and transcriptomic states of symbiotic and aposymbiotic anemones in the model systemAiptasia. We find methylated genes are marked by histone H3K36me3 and show significant reduction of spurious transcription and transcriptional noise, revealing a role of DNA methylation in the maintenance of transcriptional homeostasis. Changes in DNA methylation and expression show enrichment for symbiosis-related processes such as immunity, apoptosis, phagocytosis recognition and phagosome formation, and unveil intricate interactions between the underlying pathways. Our results demonstrate that DNA methylation provides an epigenetic mechanism of transcriptional homeostasis during symbiosis.

Developmental plasticity and epigenetic mechanisms underpinning metabolic and cardiovascular diseases

Epigenomics ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felicia M Low ◽  
Peter D Gluckman ◽  
Mark A Hanson
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanisms

The epigenetic regulation of synaptic genes contributes to the etiology of autism

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Annamaria Srancikova ◽  
Zuzana Bacova ◽  
Jan Bakos
Keyword(s):  
Epigenetic Regulation ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorders ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Prader Willi Syndrome ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Substantial Evidence ◽  
Autistic Symptoms ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Epigenetic mechanisms greatly affect the developing brain, as well as the maturation of synapses with pervasive, long-lasting consequences on behavior in adults. Substantial evidence exists that implicates dysregulation of epigenetic mechanisms in the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders. Therefore, this review explains the role of enzymes involved in DNA methylation and demethylation in neurodevelopment by emphasizing changes of synaptic genes and proteins. Epigenetic causes of sex-dependent differences in the brain are analyzed in conjunction with the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders. Special attention is devoted to the epigenetic regulation of the melanoma-associated antigen-like gene 2 (MAGEL2) found in Prader-Willi syndrome, which is known to be accompanied by autistic symptoms.

Epigenetic regulation of adipogenesis by histone-modifying enzymes

Epigenomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-251
Author(s):  
Paolo E Macchia ◽  
Immacolata C Nettore ◽  
Fabiana Franchini ◽  
Laura Santana-Viera ◽  
Paola Ungaro
Keyword(s):  
Epigenetic Regulation ◽  
Transcriptional Control ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Differentiation Process ◽  
Histone Tails ◽  
Histone Modifying Enzymes ◽  
Epigenomic Regulation ◽  
Adipocyte Development

Many studies investigating the transcriptional control of adipogenesis have been published so far; recently the research is focusing on the role of epigenetic mechanisms in regulating the process of adipocyte development. Histone-modifying enzymes and the histone tails post-transcriptional modifications catalyzed by them, are fundamentally involved in the epigenetic regulation of adipogenesis. In our review, we will discuss recent advances in epigenomic regulation of adipogenesis with a focus on histone-modifying enzymes implicated in the various phases of adipocytes differentiation process from mesenchymal stem cells to mature adipocytes. Understanding adipogenesis, may provide new ways to treat obesity and related metabolic diseases.

scholarly journals Epigenetic Regulation in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Requires Long Noncoding RNAs

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Amicone ◽  
Franca Citarella ◽  
Carla Cicchini
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Epigenetic Regulation ◽  
Tumor Suppressors ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Long Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Adult Liver ◽  
Liver Malignancy ◽  
Epigenetic Modifiers

Recent evidence has proven the relevance of epigenetic changes in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the major adult liver malignancy. Moreover, HCC onset and progression correlate with the deregulation of several long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), exhibiting great biological significance. As discussed in this review, many of these transcripts are able to specifically act as tumor suppressors or oncogenes by means of their role as molecular platforms. Indeed, these lncRNAs are able to bind and recruit epigenetic modifiers on specific genomic loci, ultimately resulting in regulation of the gene expression relevant in cancer development. The evidence presented in this review highlights that lncRNAs-mediated epigenetic regulation should be taken into account for potential targeted therapeutic approaches.

Obesity: epigenetic regulation – recent observations

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 163-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlene Remely ◽  
Ana Laura de la Garza ◽  
Ulrich Magnet ◽  
Eva Aumueller ◽  
Alexander G. Haslberger
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Epigenetic Regulation ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Transgenerational Inheritance ◽  
Obesity Gene ◽  
Epigenetic Modifiers ◽  
Gene Environment ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

AbstractGenetic and environmental factors, especially nutrition and lifestyle, have been discussed in the literature for their relevance to epidemic obesity. Gene-environment interactions may need to be understood for an improved understanding of the causes of obesity, and epigenetic mechanisms are of special importance. Consequences of epigenetic mechanisms seem to be particularly important during certain periods of life: prenatal, postnatal and intergenerational, transgenerational inheritance are discussed with relevance to obesity. This review focuses on nutrients, diet and habits influencing intergenerational, transgenerational, prenatal and postnatal epigenetics; on evidence of epigenetic modifiers in adulthood; and on animal models for the study of obesity.

scholarly journals Sensory Cortical Plasticity Participates in the Epigenetic Regulation of Robust Memory Formation

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mimi L. Phan ◽  
Kasia M. Bieszczad
Keyword(s):  
Epigenetic Regulation ◽  
Neural Plasticity ◽  
Cortical Plasticity ◽  
Memory Formation ◽  
Sensory Cortex ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Significant Information ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Open Question

Neuroplasticity remodels sensory cortex across the lifespan. A function of adult sensory cortical plasticity may be capturing available information during perception for memory formation. The degree of experience-dependent remodeling in sensory cortex appears to determine memory strength and specificity for important sensory signals. A key open question is how plasticity is engaged to induce different degrees of sensory cortical remodeling. Neural plasticity for long-term memory requires the expression of genes underlying stable changes in neuronal function, structure, connectivity, and, ultimately, behavior. Lasting changes in transcriptional activity may depend on epigenetic mechanisms; some of the best studied in behavioral neuroscience are DNA methylation and histone acetylation and deacetylation, which, respectively, promote and repress gene expression. One purpose of this review is to propose epigenetic regulation of sensory cortical remodeling as a mechanism enabling the transformation of significant information from experiences into content-rich memories of those experiences. Recent evidence suggests how epigenetic mechanisms regulate highly specific reorganization of sensory cortical representations that establish a widespread network for memory. Thus, epigenetic mechanisms could initiate events to establish exceptionally persistent and robust memories at a systems-wide level by engaging sensory cortical plasticity for gatingwhatandhow muchinformation becomes encoded.

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