Cholesterol and Copper Affect Learning and Memory in the Rabbit

International Journal of Alzheimer s Disease ◽

10.1155/2013/518780 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Bernard G. Schreurs

Keyword(s):

Learning And Memory ◽

Rabbit Model ◽

Dietary Cholesterol ◽

Long Term Memory ◽

Cholesterol Diet ◽

Term Memory ◽

Model Of Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Amyloid Accumulation

A rabbit model of Alzheimer’s disease based on feeding a cholesterol diet for eight weeks shows sixteen hallmarks of the disease including beta amyloid accumulation and learning and memory changes. Although we have shown that feeding 2% cholesterol and adding copper to the drinking water can retard learning, other studies have shown that feeding dietary cholesterol before learning can improve acquisition and feeding cholesterol after learning can degrade long-term memory. We explore the development of this model, the issues surrounding the role of copper, and the particular contributions of the late D. Larry Sparks.

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Dietary Cholesterol Concentration and Duration Degrade Long-Term Memory of Classical Conditioning of the Rabbit’s Nictitating Membrane Response

International Journal of Alzheimer s Disease ◽

10.1155/2012/732634 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Bernard G. Schreurs ◽

Desheng Wang ◽

Carrie A. Smith-Bell ◽

Lauren B. Burhans ◽

Roger Bell ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dietary Cholesterol ◽

Trace Conditioning ◽

Cholesterol Concentration ◽

Long Term Memory ◽

Cholesterol Diet ◽

Nictitating Membrane ◽

Term Memory ◽

Cholesterol Levels ◽

Nictitating Membrane Response

A rabbit model of Alzheimer’s disease based on feeding a cholesterol diet for eight weeks shows sixteen hallmarks of the disease, including learning and memory changes. Although we have shown 2% cholesterol and copper in water can retard learning, other studies show feeding dietary cholesterol before learning can improve acquisition whereas feeding cholesterol after learning can degrade long-term memory. We explored this issue by manipulating cholesterol concentration and duration following classical trace conditioning of the rabbit’s nictitating membrane response and assessed conditioned responding after eight weeks on cholesterol. First, rabbits given trace classical conditioning followed by 0.5%, 1%, or 2% cholesterol for eight weeks showed body weight and serum cholesterol levels that were a function of dietary cholesterol. Although all concentrations of cholesterol showed some sign of retarding long-term memory, the level of memory retardation was correlated with serum cholesterol levels. Second, rabbits given trace conditioning followed by different durations of a 2% cholesterol diet combined with different durations of a 0% control diet for 8 weeks showed duration and timing of a 2% cholesterol diet were important in affecting recall. The data support the idea that dietary cholesterol may retard long-term memory.

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of An important role of neural activity-dependent CaMKIV signaling in the consolidation of long-term memory.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.1000758.12183 ◽

2001 ◽

Author(s):

Alcino Silva

Keyword(s):

Neural Activity ◽

Long Term Memory ◽

Term Memory ◽

Activity Dependent

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The role of PKMζ in the maintenance of long-term memory: a review

Reviews in the Neurosciences ◽

10.1515/revneuro-2020-0105 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Hamish Patel ◽

Reza Zamani

Keyword(s):

Protein Kinase C ◽

Protein Kinase ◽

Long Term Potentiation ◽

Global Memory ◽

Long Term Memory ◽

Compensatory Mechanism ◽

Term Memory ◽

Kinase C

Abstract Long-term memories are thought to be stored in neurones and synapses that undergo physical changes, such as long-term potentiation (LTP), and these changes can be maintained for long periods of time. A candidate enzyme for the maintenance of LTP is protein kinase M zeta (PKMζ), a constitutively active protein kinase C isoform that is elevated during LTP and long-term memory maintenance. This paper reviews the evidence and controversies surrounding the role of PKMζ in the maintenance of long-term memory. PKMζ maintains synaptic potentiation by preventing AMPA receptor endocytosis and promoting stabilisation of dendritic spine growth. Inhibition of PKMζ, with zeta-inhibitory peptide (ZIP), can reverse LTP and impair established long-term memories. However, a deficit of memory retrieval cannot be ruled out. Furthermore, ZIP, and in high enough doses the control peptide scrambled ZIP, was recently shown to be neurotoxic, which may explain some of the effects of ZIP on memory impairment. PKMζ knockout mice show normal learning and memory. However, this is likely due to compensation by protein-kinase C iota/lambda (PKCι/λ), which is normally responsible for induction of LTP. It is not clear how, or if, this compensatory mechanism is activated under normal conditions. Future research should utilise inducible PKMζ knockdown in adult rodents to investigate whether PKMζ maintains memory in specific parts of the brain, or if it represents a global memory maintenance molecule. These insights may inform future therapeutic targets for disorders of memory loss.

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HYPERMNESIA EUPHORIA OR ANY OTHER DESIRABLE FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF THE CONSUMER, A PSYCHOTROPIC EFFECT - FIRST AND LEADING ELEMENT IN THE OCCURRENCE AND PRESERVATION OF THE BODY’S DEPENDENCE ON PSYCHOACTIVE FACTORS

HERALD of North-Western State Medical University named after I I Mechnikov ◽

10.17816/mechnikov20179340-46 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 40-46

Author(s):

D G Baitubayev ◽

M D Baitubayeva

Keyword(s):

Substance Dependence ◽

Point Of View ◽

The Body ◽

Long Term Memory ◽

Vegetative Nervous System ◽

Term Memory ◽

Psychotropic Effect

The work shows the role of the vegetative nervous system (VNS) in the functioning of long-term memory, identity mechanisms of long-term memory in the human evolutionary adaptation and substance dependence. It is shown that, depending on the substance of the body are states like pro- gressive adaptation, that the bodycondition, depending on the chemical and psychogenic psychoactive- factors state of the same circle. It proposed the creation of a branch of medicine that combines study of the dependence of the organism, both on the chemical and psychoactive psychogenic factors. Given the classification of psychoactive factors.Onomastics formulated definitions of terminology changes and additions to be used in a new branch of medicine. Proposed allocation of the International Classifica- tion of diseases separate chapter for the classification of states like progressive adaptation of the body depending on psychoactive factors.

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