scholarly journals Induced Neurocysticercosis in Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta) Produces Clinical Signs and Lesions Similar to Natural Disease in Man

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Chowdhury ◽  
A. Saleque ◽  
N. K. Sood ◽  
L. D. Singla
Keyword(s):  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
Cognitive Responses ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Response ◽  
Experimental Animal Models ◽  
Liquefactive Necrosis ◽  
The Brain

Neurocysticercosis is a serious endemic zoonosis resulting in increased cases of seizure and epilepsy in humans. The genesis of clinical manifestations of the disease through experimental animal models is poorly exploited. The monkeys may prove useful for the purpose due to their behavior and cognitive responses mimicking man. In this study, neurocysticercosis was induced in two rhesus monkeys each with 12,000 and 6,000 eggs, whereas three monkeys were given placebo. The monkeys given higher dose developed hyperexcitability, epileptic seizures, muscular tremors, digital cramps at 10 DPI, and finally paralysis of limbs, followed by death on 67 DPI, whereas the monkeys given lower dose showed delayed and milder clinical signs. On necropsy, all the infected monkeys showed numerous cysticerci in the brain. Histopathologically, heavily infected monkeys revealed liquefactive necrosis and formation of irregular cystic cavities lined by atrophied parenchymal septa with remnants of neuropil of the cerebrum. In contrast, the monkeys infected with lower dose showed formation of typical foreign body granulomas characterized by central liquefaction surrounded by chronic inflammatory response. It was concluded that the inflammatory and immune response exerted by the host against cysticerci, in turn, led to histopathological lesions and the resultant clinical signs thereof.

Experimental delayed radiation necrosis of the brain

1979 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 587-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert N. Martins ◽  
Ralph E. Severance ◽  
James M. Henry ◽  
Thomas F. Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Radiation Necrosis ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Brain Irradiation ◽  
Primate Brain ◽  
High Doses ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Male Rhesus

✓ The authors have designed an experiment to detect a hitherto unrecognized interaction between high doses of the glucocorticoid, dexamethasone, and brain irradiation. Eighteen juvenile male rhesus monkeys received 1800 rads to the whole brain in 8.5 minutes. For 1½ days before and 10½ days after the irradiation, nine animals received approximately 2.9 mg/kg/day of dexamethasone intramuscularly in addition to irradiation, while the remaining nine animals served as the control group and received saline. All animals eventually developed a progressive neurological syndrome, and died of delayed radiation necrosis of the brain. The two groups were compared with regard to latency to onset of clinical signs, survival time, and number, distribution, and location of lesions of radionecrosis. Large doses of dexamethasone did not alter the susceptibility of the primate brain to delayed radiation necrosis. Detailed morphological study of the radionecrotic lesions supports the hypothesis that most, if not all, of the lesions develop as the consequence of injury to blood vessels.

scholarly journals Management of a Patient with Tuberous Sclerosis with Urological Clinical Manifestations

Medicina ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (8) ◽  
pp. 369
Author(s):  
Vlad Padureanu ◽  
Octavian Dragoescu ◽  
Victor Emanuel Stoenescu ◽  
Rodica Padureanu ◽  
Ionica Pirici ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tuberous Sclerosis ◽  
Ultrasound Examination ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
Lumbar Region ◽  
Medical Surveillance ◽  
Colicky Pain ◽  
The Right ◽  
Retention Cysts

The tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is highly variable as far as its clinical presentation is concerned. For the implementation of appropriate medical surveillance and treatment, an accurate diagnosis is compulsory. TSC may affect the heart, skin, kidneys, central nervous system (epileptic seizures and nodular intracranial tumors—tubers), bones, eyes, lungs, blood vessels and the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this paper is to report renal manifestations as first clinical signs suggestive of TSC diagnosis. A 20-year-old patient was initially investigated for hematuria, dysuria and colicky pain in the left lumbar region. The ultrasound examination of the kidney showed bilateral hyperechogenic kidney structures and pyelocalyceal dilatation, both suggestive of bilateral obstructive lithiasis, complicated by uretero-hydronephrosis. The computer tomography (CT) scan of the kidney showed irregular kidney margins layout, undifferentiated images between cortical and medullar structures, with non-homogenous round components, suggestive of kidney angiomyolipomas, bilateral renal cortical retention cysts, images of a calculous component in the right middle calyceal branches and a smaller one on the left side. The clinical manifestations and imaging findings (skull and abdominal and pelvis CT scans) sustained the diagnosis.

Neurosarcoidosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 45-50
Author(s):  
G. R. Ramazanov ◽  
E. V. Shevchenko ◽  
L. I. Idilova ◽  
V. N. Stepanov ◽  
E. V. Nugaeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Granulomatous Inflammation ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Biopsy Material ◽  
Histological Confirmation ◽  
System Disorder ◽  
The Brain

The article represents the discussion of sarcoidosis involving the cranial nerves and meninges. It’s a rare disease difficult to diagnose. This form of the disease is a progressive lesion of the nervous system, characterized by granulomatous inflammation of the membranes and /or tissue of cerebrum or spinal cord, cranial and /or peripheral nerves. Clinical signs of the nervous system disorder found in sarcoidosis, are detected only in 5–15% of patients. They are often represented by symptoms of cranial nerve damage, meningeal syndrome and epileptic seizures. X-ray computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain do not reveal specific changes, however, they allow to exclude other structural lesions of the central nervous system and to identify neuroimaging signs, most common in the course of this disease. Diagnosis of neurosarcoidosis is possible in the presence of neurological symptoms, signs of multisystem lesions, and histological confirmation of non-caseous granulomatous inflammation in one or more organs. The article also represents a clinical observation of a patient with neurosarcoidosis, manifested by acute bilateral neuropathy of the facial nerves, unilateral neuropathy of the trigeminal nerve and meningism syndrome. The neuroimaging signs, often found in this disease, were revealed: the accumulation of contrast agent by the membranes of the brain and the tissue of cavum Meckeli. The course of the disease and diagnostic search, which made it possible to detect signs of multisystem lesion, are described. The diagnosis was confirmed by histological examination of the biopsy material of the intrathoracic lymph node. The results of neurosarcoidosis anti-inflammatory therapy are presented. The peculiarities influencing the choice of this type of treatment terms, are indicated.

Effects of dexamethasone on tumor-induced brain edema and its distribution in the brain of monkeys

1979 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuo Yamada ◽  
Alfonso M. Bremer ◽  
Charles R. West
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Brain Edema ◽  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Dexamethasone Treatment ◽  
Tissue Water ◽  
Content Type ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
The Brain

✓ A human choriocarcinoma was successfully adapted to grow in the brain of monkeys (Macaca mulatta), thus providing a model of tumor-induced brain edema. Four animals were given dexamethasone (3 mg/kg/day) during 3 to 5 days after the onset of clinical signs, and the other five received no treatment for the same period. Tissue water and electrolyte content of treated and untreated animals were compared in cortex and white matter at various distances from the edge of the tumor. In untreated animals, 67.9% and 23.6% swelling was detected in adjacent and remote white matter, respectively, but only 11.8% swelling was noted in adjacent cortex. In animals treated with dexamethasone these percentages of swelling were improved to 32.4% and 11.9% in the corresponding white matter, and to 4.9% in adjacent cortex. The electrolyte changes shown in edematous brain of control animals also demonstrated significant improvement in the dexamethasone-treated group. Tissue radioactivity of 3H-dexamethasone at 60 minutes after intravenous injection was high in the periphery of tumor, adjacent cortex, and white matter, but low in the center of tumor, remote cortex, and white matter. The sites with high concentrations of dexamethasone also showed significant improvement of brain edema after dexamethasone treatment, suggesting that dexamethasone may act directly at these loci.

scholarly journals Experimental infection with Baylisascaris potosis in chickens

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 384-387
Author(s):  
K. Taira ◽  
M. Ueda ◽  
H. K. Ooi
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Paratenic Host ◽  
Larva Migrans ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Foodborne Disease ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Brain

SummaryThe larvae of the genus Baylisascaris can cause larva migrans in mammals and birds. This study investigated the larval migration of Baylisascaris potosis, the roundworm of kinkajou (Potos flavus), in chickens and the associated clinical manifestations of the host. Thirty-six 3-week-old chickens divided into 6 groups were orally inoculated with 3,000 B. potosis eggs/chick. Each group of chicken was necropsied at days 1, 2, 3, 7, 30 and 90 PI (post inoculation), and the number of larvae in various organs were counted until day 90 PI. No clinical signs were observed in chickens during the study. Larvae were detected from the liver, lungs or breast-muscles of 13/36 (36.1%) chickens. The mean total number of larvae in the liver, lungs and breast-muscles at days 1, 2, 3, 7, 30 and 90 PI were 0.34, 0.17, 1.66, 1.01, 0.17 and 0, respectively. No larvae were found in the brain, eyes, hid-limb muscles, heart, kidneys and spleen. Although infectivity of larvae in egg-inoculated chickens was low, the present study demonstrated that B. potosis larvae can migrate in chickens tissues up to day 30 PI. The result suggests that chickens can serve as a paratenic host for B. potosis and may underline a public health importance of B. potosis infection as a potential foodborne disease in humans.

Hurst’s encephalitis. Lecture with a description of clinical cases

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-93
Author(s):  
Eugenia A. Komarova ◽  
Alexey S. Kotov
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Intensive Therapy ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
Acute Onset ◽  
Brain Hemispheres ◽  
First Case ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Clinical Cases

Hirst’s encephalitis is a severe disease characterized by an acute onset and rapidly progressive inflammation with symmetrical multifocal lesions of the brain, less often the cerebellum, brain stem, or spinal cord, manifested by white matter necrosis and numerous hemorrhages. Cases of Hirst’s encephalitis are quite rare; by 2014, about 100 cases of the disease have been described in the literature. The mortality rate for this disease reaches 70%. Its etiology remains unclear, and in most cases, the diagnosis is made heuristically, based on the similarity of clinical manifestations in a particular patient with the “classical” descriptions available in the literature. The article presents two clinical cases of Hirst’s encephalitis. In the first case, the disease debuted at the age of 14 with mental disorders, manifested by panencephalitis, depression of consciousness, and epileptic seizures. Against the background of aggressive therapy, it was possible to achieve a positive result, however, with an outcome in gross neurological and cognitive deficits. In the second case, the disease debuted at the age of 49 with loss of consciousness, manifested itself as resistant status epilepticus and multifocal inflammatory lesions of the white matter of both brain hemispheres with foci of hemorrhagic impregnation. Despite intensive therapy, this case was fatal. In conclusion, a description of the approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of Hirst’s encephalitis based on the data of modern literature is presented.

scholarly journals Neurosurgical treatment of patients with supratentorial cavernoma

2008 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-135
Author(s):  
B.M. Djurovic ◽  
V.T. Jovanovic ◽  
G.M. Tasic ◽  
I.M. Nikolic ◽  
I.B. Jovanovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Ct Scan ◽  
Postoperative Period ◽  
Excellent Result ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
Complete Resection ◽  
Neurosurgical Treatment ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
The Brain

The aim of this study is to present the principal clinical manifestations and neurosurgical results of the treatment of patients with supratentorial cavernoma and epilepsy. The retrospective study included 14 patients with supratentorial lesion on MRI and CT scan of the brain that manifested with epileptic seizures. All patients were surgically treated and pathophysiologic evaluation in all patients confirmed that cavernoma was in question. Results were analyzed and compared with data from the literature. Epileptic seizures are the most frequent clinical manifestation found in supratentorial cavernoma and neurosurgical treatment gives excellent result as regards the control of epilepsy, with a very low incidence of morbidity and mortality. A complete resection of all cavernomas in this study was confirmed by postoperative neurosurgical diagnosing. 12 patients did not have any more epi seizures in the postoperative period, and in 2 patients we found decrease in the occurrence of epi seizures.

Complexity Measures of Brain Electrophysiological Activity

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Włodzimierz Klonowski ◽  
Pawel Stepien ◽  
Robert Stepien
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Deterministic Chaos ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
Eeg Signal ◽  
Eeg Signals ◽  
Complexity Measures ◽  
Electrophysiological Activity ◽  
Signal Complexity ◽  
Physiological Sleep ◽  
The Brain

Over 20 years ago, Watt and Hameroff (1987 ) suggested that consciousness may be described as a manifestation of deterministic chaos in the brain/mind. To analyze EEG-signal complexity, we used Higuchi’s fractal dimension in time domain and symbolic analysis methods. Our results of analysis of EEG-signals under anesthesia, during physiological sleep, and during epileptic seizures lead to a conclusion similar to that of Watt and Hameroff: Brain activity, measured by complexity of the EEG-signal, diminishes (becomes less chaotic) when consciousness is being “switched off”. So, consciousness may be described as a manifestation of deterministic chaos in the brain/mind.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document