scholarly journals Determination of Strong Acidic Drugs in Biological Matrices: A Review of Separation Methods

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lingli Mu ◽  
Feifan Xie ◽  
Sanwang Li ◽  
Peng Yu
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase ◽  
Sample Pretreatment ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Biological Matrices ◽  
Acidic Drugs ◽  
Liquid Liquid Extraction ◽  
Target Analytes ◽  
Wide Range

Strong acidic drugs are a class of chemical compounds that normally have high hydrophilicity and large negative charges, such as organophosphatic compounds and organosulphonic compounds. This review focuses on sample preparation and separation methods for this group of compounds in biological matrices in recent years. A wide range of separation techniques, especially chromatographic method, are presented and critically discussed, which include liquid chromatography (e.g., ion-pair and ion-exchange chromatography), capillary electrophoresis (CE), and other types. Due to the extremely low concentration level of target analytes as well as the complexity of biological matrices, sample pretreatment methods, such as dilute and shoot methods, protein precipitation (PP), liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), solid-phase extraction (SPE), degradation, and derivatization strategy, also play important roles for the development of successful analytical methods and thus are also discussed.

scholarly journals A Review of the Analytical Methods for the Determination of 4(5)-Methylimidazole in Food Matrices

Chemosensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 322
Author(s):  
Panagiota-Kyriaki Revelou ◽  
Marinos Xagoraris ◽  
Eleftherios Alissandrakis ◽  
Christos S. Pappas ◽  
Petros A. Tarantilis
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Sample Pretreatment ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Food Matrices

4(5)-Methylimidazole (4(5)MEI) is a product of the Maillard reaction between sugars and amino acids, which occurs during the thermal processing of foods. This compound is also found in foods with caramel colorants additives. Due to its prevalence in foods and beverages and its potent carcinogenicity, 4(5)MEI has received federal and state regulatory agency attention. The aim of this review is to present the extraction procedures of 4(5)MEI from food matrices and the analytical methods for its determination. Liquid and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry are the techniques most commonly employed to detect 4(5)MEI in food matrices. However, the analysis of 4(5)MEI is challenging due to the high polarity, water solubility, and the absence of chromophores. To overcome this, specialized sample pretreatment and extraction methods have been developed, such as solid-phase extraction and derivatization procedures, increasing the cost and the preparation time of samples. Other analytical methods for the determination of 4(5)MEI, include capillary electrophoresis, paper spray mass spectrometry, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, high-performance cation exchange chromatography, fluorescence-based immunochromatographic assay, and a fluorescent probe.

scholarly journals Methodical peculiarities and guidelines for the determination of chemical compounds and elements in the biological matrices

2019 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatyana S. Ulanova ◽  
T. V. Nurislamova ◽  
T. D. Karnazhitskaya ◽  
O. V. Gileva
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase ◽  
Headspace Analysis ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Phase Extraction ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Biological Matrices ◽  
Butyl Ether ◽  
Organic Solvent Extraction ◽  
Sensitivity And Selectivity

The methodical peculiarities of methods for the determination of chemical compounds and elements in biological matrices are considered. There are presented examples of practical application of methods for the sample preparation - organic solvent extraction, derivatization, solid-phase extraction, headspace analysis. On the example of the method for the determination the methyl-tret-butyl-ether in blood there is denoted the problem and shown the necessity of the identification of components of biological matrix with the use of the chromato-mass-spectrometry. There are presented examples for the use of the set of factors in order to increase the sensitivity and selectivity in detection of target components.

scholarly journals Inter-laboratory validation of automated SPME-GC/MS for determination of pesticides in surface and ground water samples: sensitive and green alternative to liquid–liquid extraction

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 331-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angel Rodriguez-Lafuente ◽  
Hamed Piri-Moghadam ◽  
Heather L. Lord ◽  
Terry Obal ◽  
Janusz Pawliszyn
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Liquid Extraction ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Test Protocol ◽  
Liquid Liquid Extraction ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Wide Range

An automated solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography/mass spectometry (SPME-GC/MS) method was developed for the determination of semi-volatile pesticides from several classes with a wide range of polarities in an environmental matrix, and validated according to the rigorous standards of a large commercial laboratory reporting data requiring regulatory acceptance with the purpose of being used as a standard test protocol. The target analytes showed a detection limit of 0.05–1 μg L−1, good calibration linearity (R2 > 0.99) with a wide linear range of 0.05–20 μg L−1, and accuracy in the range of 80–110 at three levels of calibration with relative standard deviation below 7% by commercial polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB) SPME fiber. An extensive study between SPME and liquid–liquid extraction as a reference US EPA method was performed from several analytical aspects including sensitivity, accuracy, repeatability, and greenness. The SPME method was validated through split blind analyses of 16 fortified surface and ground water samples within 4 months at Maxxam Analytics, the reference laboratory, and the University of Waterloo. Both methods were shown to be very accurate, with the highest frequency of results falling in the 70–130% accuracy range. The SPME method was shown to be more sensitive than the LLE, while requiring a lower volume of sample.

scholarly journals Recent Developments in the Determination of Biomarkers of Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Biological Specimens: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1768
Author(s):  
Hernâni Marques ◽  
Pedro Cruz-Vicente ◽  
Tiago Rosado ◽  
Mário Barroso ◽  
Luís A. Passarinha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Smoke Exposure ◽  
Tobacco Smoke Exposure ◽  
World Health ◽  
Second Hand Smoke ◽  
Tobacco Exposure ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Recent Developments

Environmental tobacco smoke exposure (ETS) and smoking have been described as the most prevalent factors in the development of certain diseases worldwide. According to the World Health Organization, more than 8 million people die every year due to exposure to tobacco, around 7 million due to direct ETS and the remaining due to exposure to second-hand smoke. Both active and second-hand exposure can be measured and controlled using specific biomarkers of tobacco and its derivatives, allowing the development of more efficient public health policies. Exposure to these compounds can be measured using different methods (involving for instance liquid- or gas-chromatographic procedures) in a wide range of biological specimens to estimate the type and degree of tobacco exposure. In recent years, a lot of research has been carried out using different extraction methods and different analytical equipment; this way, liquid–liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction or even miniaturized procedures have been used, followed by chromatographic analysis coupled mainly to mass spectrometric detection. Through this type of methodologies, second-hand smokers can be distinguished from active smokers, and this is also valid for e-cigarettes and vapers, among others, using their specific biomarkers. This review will focus on recent developments in the determination of tobacco smoke biomarkers, including nicotine and other tobacco alkaloids, specific nitrosamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, etc. The methods for their detection will be discussed in detail, as well as the potential use of threshold values to distinguish between types of exposure.

Determination of Bendiocarb Insecticide by Reverse Flow Injection Analysis Using a Solid-Phase Reactor Containing Micro PbO2, Nano PbO2 and Grafted SiO2 - PbO2 Immobilized

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-31
Author(s):  
Malik H Alaloosh Alamri Malik H Alaloosh Alamri ◽  
Sadeem Subhi Abed and Abdulkareem M A Alsammarraie Sadeem Subhi Abed and Abdulkareem M A Alsammarraie
Keyword(s):  
Flow Injection ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Reverse Flow ◽  
Blue Color ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Solid Phase Reactor ◽  
Grafted Nanoparticles ◽  
Reverse Flow Injection

Bendiocarb (BEN) is an acutely toxic carbamate insecticide which used in public places and agriculture, it is also effective against a wide range of nuisance and disease vector insects. A new rapid and sensitive reverse flow injection spectrophotometric procedure coupled with on-line solid-phase reactor is designed in this article for the determination of BEN in its insecticidal formulations and water samples, by using three different solid-phase reactors containing bulk PbO2 (B-SPR), PbO2 nanoparticles (N-SPR) and grafted nanoparticles of SiO2-PbO2 (G-SPR) immobilized on cellulose acetate matrix (CA). This method of oxidative coupling is based on alkaline hydrolysis of the BEN pesticide, and then coupled with N,N dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine sulphate (DMPD) to give a blue color product which measured at λmax 675 nm. It worth to mentioned that under optimal conditions, Beer’s law is obeyed in the range of 1-175 μg mL-1 for B-SPR and 0.25-70 μg mL-1 of BEN for both N-SPR and G-SPR respectively within limit of detection (LOD) of 0.931, 0.234 and 0.210 μg mL-1 for B-SPR N-SPR and G-SPR respectively. The surface methodology of the solid phase was also investigated by using atomic force microscopy.

The Benefits and Limitations of Methods Development in Solid Phase Extraction: Mini Review

2014 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Norfahana Abd-Talib ◽  
Siti Hamidah Mohd-Setapar ◽  
Aidee Kamal Khamis
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Solid Phase Extraction ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Liquid Extraction ◽  
Phase Extraction ◽  
Methods Development ◽  
Liquid Liquid Extraction ◽  
Target Analytes ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Preparation Techniques

Over recent years, there has been an explosive growth of sample preparation techniques. Sample preparation is in most cases meant to be the isolation online or offline concentration of some components of interest or target analytes. Solid phase extraction (SPE) is a very popular technique nowadays in sample preparation. The principal is quite similar with liquid- liquid extraction (LLE) which involves partition of solutes between two phases. But, there are some differences between them and some benefits and limitations of difference types of SPE technique like presented in this paper.

scholarly journals DETERMINATION OF SULFONAMIDES IN CHICKEN MEAT BY SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION AND HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

1970 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. T. Matea ◽  
C. Bele ◽  
F. Dulf
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Simultaneous Detection ◽  
Gradient Elution ◽  
Normal Phase ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
Liquid Liquid Extraction ◽  
Halogenated Solvents

This paper describes a method for the simultaneous detection and quantification of six sul-fonamides in chicken meat using normal phase cartridge clean-up and HPLC with UV detection . A liquid – liquid extraction and Sep- Pak silica clean-up procedure which minimizes the presence of halogenated solvents was used for sample preparation . The HPLC determination was performed using a RP C 18 column and sulfonamides were detected at 266 nm. Mobile phase was 0.01 M ammonium acetate pH 4.6 ( A ) and methanol ( B). Chromatographic separation was obtained by gradient elution ( 22 % B to 50 % within 17 min , back to 22 % in 2 min, equilibration for 5 min).Average recoveries of analytes from spiked meat were higher than 74 % .

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