scholarly journals Method to Determine Pedestrian Level of Service for the Overall Unsignalized Midblock Crossings of Road Segments

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 652986 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Zhao ◽  
Yang Bian ◽  
Jian Lu ◽  
Jian Rong
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Level Of Service ◽  
Perception Of Safety ◽  
Operational Characteristics ◽  
Traffic Conflicts ◽  
Pedestrian Level Of Service ◽  
Broad Cross Section ◽  
Road Segments

This paper aims at developing a pedestrian level of service (LOS) model for the overall unsignalized midblock crossings of road segments from the perspective of the pedestrian's perception of safety and convenience in Chinese midblock crossing environment. Firstly, the potential primary factors influencing pedestrian LOS at unsignalized midblock crosswalks were summarized from four respects: traffic conflicts, the distance between crosswalks, crossing facilities, and delay. Secondly, 948 participants’ real-time sense of safety and convenience when they were crossing the 30 selected unsignalized midblock crosswalks and the design and operational characteristics of the selected road segments were collected. The selected midblock crosswalks were typical of those prevalent in the medium-sized urban areas of China, and the participants of questionnaire survey covered a broad cross section of Chinese population of pedestrians. Finally, Pearson correlation analysis and stepwise regression analysis were carried out to develop pedestrian LOS model for the overall unsignalized midblock crossings of road segments. The results revealed that the factors significantly influencing pedestrian LOS of the overall unsignalized midblock crossings of road segments included volume of two-way motor vehicle, the distance between marked midblock crosswalks, and the distance between unmarked crosswalks. A reliable, statistically calibrated pedestrian LOS model was developed ( R2 = 0.80).

Method to Determine Pedestrians Level of Service for Unsignalized Intersections

2012 ◽  
Vol 253-255 ◽  
pp. 1936-1943 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Bian ◽  
Lu Jian ◽  
Lin Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Chinese Population ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Level Of Service ◽  
Unsignalized Intersections ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Operational Characteristics ◽  
Traffic Conflicts ◽  
Pearson Correlation Analysis ◽  
Broad Cross Section

This paper aims at developing a Level of Service (LOS) model for unsignalized intersection crosswalks for pedestrians from the perspective of the pedestrian’s perception of comfort and safety in unsignalized intersection environment. Firstly, the potential primary factors influencing pedestrian LOS at crosswalk were summarized from three respects: traffic conflicts, crossing facilities and delay. Secondly, data for the model were collected, including 459 participants’ real-time sense of comfort and safety when they crossing the 11 selected intersection crosswalks and the design and operational characteristics of the selected intersections. The selected crosswalks were typical of those prevalent in the urban areas of China, and the participants of questionnaire survey covered a broad cross section of Chinese population of pedestrians. Based on the survey data, Pearson Correlation analysis and step-wise regression analysis were carried out to develop pedestrian LOS model for unsignalized intersections. A reliable, statistically calibrated pedestrian LOS model for unsignalized intersections was developed, suitable for application in the vast majority of Chinese urban areas. The study revealed that the factors significantly influencing pedestrian LOS at unsignalized intersections included: left turning bicycles from side streets, through bicycles from side streets, right turning bicycles from side streets, left turning bicycles approaching from the street parallel to the crosswalk, through bicycles from the approach opposite to the crosswalk, right turning bicycles from the street parallel to the crosswalk, through bicycles from the approach opposite to the crosswalk and the presence of the median.

Level-of-Service Model for Pedestrians at Signalized Intersections

2005 ◽  
Vol 1939 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore A. Petritsch ◽  
Bruce W. Landis ◽  
Peyton S. McLeod ◽  
Herman F. Huang ◽  
Srikalyan Challa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Signalized Intersections ◽  
Level Of Service ◽  
Science Field ◽  
Perceived Safety ◽  
Operational Characteristics ◽  
Field Data Collection ◽  
Time Perceptions

This paper documents a study performed to develop a level-of-service (LOS) model that accurately represents pedestrians’ perceptions of crossings at signalized intersections. This model incorporates perceived safety and comfort (i.e., perceived exposure and conflicts) and operations (i.e., delay and signalization). Data for the model were obtained from an innovative Walk for Science field data collection event and video simulations. The data consist of ( a) participants’ perceptions of safety, comfort, and operations as they walk through selected signalized intersections and ( b) the design and operational characteristics of these intersections. The resulting model provides a measure of the pedestrian's perspective on how well an intersection's geometric and operational characteristics meets his or her needs. The pedestrian LOS model for intersections described in this paper is based on Pearson correlation analyses and stepwise regression modeling of approximately 800 combined real-time perceptions (observations) from pedestrians walking a course through signalized intersections in a typical U.S. metropolitan area. The resulting general model for the pedestrian LOS at intersections is highly reliable, has a high correlation coefficient ( R2 = .73) with the average observations, and is transferable to the majority of metropolitan areas in the United States. Primary factors in the pedestrian LOS model for intersections include right-turn-on-red volumes for the street being crossed, permissive left turns from the street parallel to the crosswalk motor vehicle volume on the street being crossed, midblock 85th percentile speed of the vehicles on the street being crossed, number of lanes being crossed, pedestrian's delay, and presence or absence of right-turn channelization islands.

What Are the Most Important Factors for Pedestrian Level-of-Service Estimation? A Systematic Review of the Literature

2018 ◽  
Vol 2672 (35) ◽  
pp. 101-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nowar Raad ◽  
Matthew I. Burke
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Level Of Service ◽  
Pedestrian Flow ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Rater Reliability ◽  
Pedestrian Level Of Service

Pedestrian environments are becoming more important in an urbanizing world where walking is increasingly being encouraged. Engineers and planners determine a link’s performance using measures codified as level-of-service, which provide guidance on acceptable or desirable standards. A range of approaches are used in determining pedestrian level-of-service (PLOS), incorporating a wide variety of factors and with much debate as to what should or should not be used. There has been no systematic attempt to synthesize this research and provide an over-arching perspective. Our review surveyed PLOS models from the peer-reviewed literature using a systematic quantitative literature review method based on the protocol developed by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review Recommendations (PRISMA). PLOS models are increasingly being developed; 22 of the 58 studies surveyed were produced since 2013. Earlier work adapted approaches used to determine automobile LOS to PLOS. Later approaches use a much wider range of factors but with very little consistency across the studies surveyed. Collectively these factors can be grouped in themes of: comfort, safety, and mobility. The most used factors were, in order: footpath width; obstructions to pedestrian flow; motor vehicle speeds and volumes; shoulder widths; and buffers such as on-street parking. However, many of the factors being included have not been empirically studied and almost none of the tools in use have been tested for such matters as inter-rater reliability.

Calibrating Pedestrian Level-of-Service Metrics with 3-D Visualization

2000 ◽  
Vol 1705 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
John S. Miller ◽  
Jeremy A. Bigelow ◽  
Nicholas J. Garber
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Central Business District ◽  
Level Of Service ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Highway Capacity Manual ◽  
Pedestrian Level Of Service ◽  
Walking Environment ◽  
Business District ◽  
Pedestrian Crossing

Unlike the case with airport terminals or the central business district, the quality of suburban pedestrian facilities is most likely affected less by congestion and more by safety, the walking environment, and aesthetics. Because the Highway Capacity Manual does not explicitly capture such factors when measuring pedestrian level of service (LOS), researchers have proposed innovative rating scales that do. These scales use either measurable characteristics, such as walkway width, median openings, and signalization parameters, or user perceptions, such as continuity and convenience, to rate a pedestrian facility. Unfortunately, the results of these scales are not always easy to interpret. For example, in a scaling system for pedestrian facilities in which a raised curb median counts 6 points and a blinking pedestrian-crossing signal counts 3 points, the developers of the scale believed that the median would be twice as valuable to pedestrians as the crossing signal. But would pedestrians agree? A scaling system was developed for pedestrian LOS and calibrated using visualization (computer-aided modeling techniques consisting of still shots and animations). Subjects’ perceived ratings of a pedestrian facility after they viewed still pictures and animations of the facility were compared with the computed rating of the facility from an LOS scale. The chief value of this method is that it helps ensure that pedestrian crossing needs are systematically considered and that engineers, planners, and the public agree on the calibration of a pedestrian LOS scale. The methodology is also applicable in urban areas where pedestrian needs beyond physical capacity are to be explicitly considered. The approach is original in that visualization as a simulation and data analysis tool was used to calibrate a pedestrian LOS scale.

Bicycle and Pedestrian Level-of-Service Performance Measures and Standards for Congestion Management Systems

1996 ◽  
Vol 1538 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda B. Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Performance Measures ◽  
Management System ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Demand Management ◽  
Critical Mass ◽  
Congestion Management ◽  
Level Of Service ◽  
Transportation Demand ◽  
Transportation Corridor ◽  
Pedestrian Level Of Service

The Gainesville Mobility Plan Prototype was developed as the congestion management system plan for Gainesville, Florida, and incorporated level-of-service (LOS) performance measures for bicycle and pedestrian facilities. The LOS evaluations describe the degree of bicycle and pedestrian accommodation in a transportation corridor. The bicycle LOS measures are designated basic facility provided, conflicts, speed differential, motor vehicle LOS, maintenance, and provision of transportation demand management programs or intermodal links. Pedestrian LOS criteria are similar and incorporate specific pedestrian features. The Gainesville bicycle and pedestrian LOS performance measures use a point scale resulting in an LOS rating system of A through F. The scoring system was developed with sensitivity to characteristics that may be mutually exclusive or inclusive to determine all possible combinations of points. The methodology hypothesizes that there is a critical mass of variables that must be present to attract nonmotorized trips. The methodology is applicable for corridor evaluations on arterial and collector roadways in urban or suburban areas. The criteria include measures of programmatic and off-street projects such as rail-trails, bicycle parking, bikes-on-transit, employer-based programs, and so forth, in addition to traditional on-street facility improvements. By measuring such improvements recommendations for more diverse projects can be supported. This analysis was applied to several roadways with promising results that generally corresponded to user perceptions of the facilities. LOS evaluation was used as a tool of the congestion management system to develop project recommendations and priorities, but it may also be useful in concurrency and long-range transportation planning.

Modeling Pedestrian Level of Service at Signalized Intersection Crosswalks under Mixed Traffic Conditions

2015 ◽  
Vol 2512 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaofei Ye ◽  
Jun Chen ◽  
Guiyan Jiang ◽  
Xingchen Yan
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Signalized Intersection ◽  
Level Of Service ◽  
Delay Model ◽  
Mixed Traffic ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
Regression Techniques ◽  
Pedestrian Level Of Service

The objectives of this study were to identify the factors affecting the pedestrian level of service (LOS) at signalized intersection crosswalks under mixed traffic conditions and to develop a suitable method for estimating pedestrian LOS. The important factors influencing pedestrian LOS at crosswalks were summarized: turning traffic, through traffic, number of pedestrians, and pedestrian delay. In the Highway Capacity Manual method, pedestrian delay can be calculated by Webster's delay model, which assumes that pedestrians arrive at a uniform rate and comply with the signal at an intersection. However, that assumption is not suitable for the Chinese scenario. A pedestrian delay model was developed by considering nonuniform arrival rates and noncompliant behavior under mixed traffic conditions. The data collected by video and a questionnaire survey include information on 1,257 participants' real-time sense of comfort and safety when crossing five selected intersections and on the operational characteristics of the intersections. With perceived LOS as a dependent variable, Pearson correlation analysis and linear regression techniques were explored to determine the significant factors affecting LOS. To overcome the limitations of linear regression techniques, cumulative logistic regression was done to develop a model that fits mixed traffic conditions in China—a model that can predict the probability of responses within each LOS on the basis of a combination of explanatory variables. The results showed that the cumulative logistic model fit the survey data better than the linear regression model and produces LOS A for the crosswalks.

scholarly journals Determination of Pedestrian Level of Service at Signalized Midblock Locations for Mixed Traffic Conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 2751-2755
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Macroscopic Model ◽  
Level Of Service ◽  
Pedestrian Travel ◽  
Pedestrian Level Of Service ◽  
Assess Quality ◽  
Pedestrian Crossing

walking is considered as one of the most important modes of transportation in India. But it is observed that the facilities for the pedestrians are ignored during design, planning and maintenance stage. But these days due to increase in population in urban areas, traffic congestion has become a major problem for safe pedestrian crossing. It is necessary to objectively quantify how well roadways accommodate pedestrian travel. Estimation of pedestrian level of service (PLOS) is the most common approach to assess quality of operations of pedestrian facilities. Due to more urbanisation and also large distance between the successive intersections people are forced to cross at their respective midblock. This paper aims in understanding pedestrian characteristics or pedestrian behaviour which is a fundamental in pedestrian planning process and finding the level of service for the pedestrians (PLOS) at selected signalised midblock. Pedestrian data required was collected using video graphic technique during two peak hours in a day at Kukatpally and Nizampet signalised midblocks in Hyderabad city. The factors considered for the calculation of PLOS are their delay, crossing time, speed, density and volume of pedestrians. Greenshields’s macroscopic model was used to resolve important parameters like free speed (vf ) and jam density (kj ) by plotting their respective graphs. Finally, regression analysis is carried in R software to calculate pedestrian LOS using the above factors considered. Clustering technique is used to obtain the LOS scores for the collected pedestrian data. LOS calculated from model outputs is compared with the values in Indo HCM 2017.

scholarly journals Pedestrian perception-based level-of-service model at signalized intersection crosswalks

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 266-281
Author(s):  
S. Marisamynathan ◽  
P. Vedagiri
Keyword(s):  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Regression Method ◽  
Signalized Intersections ◽  
Level Of Service ◽  
Threshold Values ◽  
User Perception ◽  
Perception Of Safety ◽  
Measure Of Performance ◽  
Conventional Regression

Abstract Pedestrian level of service (PLOS) is an important measure of performance in the analysis of existing pedestrian crosswalk conditions. Many researchers have developed PLOS models based on pedestrian delay, turning vehicle effect, etc., using the conventional regression method. However, these factors may not effectively reflect the pedestrians’ perception of safety while crossing the crosswalk. The conventional regression method has failed to estimate accurate PLOS because of the primary assumption of an arbitrary probability distribution and vagueness in the input data. Moreover, PLOS categories in existing studies are based on rigid threshold values and the boundaries that are not well defined. Therefore, it is an important attempt to develop a PLOS model with respect to pedestrian safety, convenience, and efficiency at signalized intersections. For this purpose, a video-graphic and user perception surveys were conducted at selected nine signalized intersections in Mumbai, India. The data such as pedestrian, traffic, and geometric characteristics were extracted, and significant variables were identified using Pearson correlation analysis. A consistent and statistically calibrated PLOS model was developed using fuzzy linear regression analysis. PLOS was categorized into six levels (A–F) based on the predicted user perception score, and threshold values for each level were estimated using the fuzzy c-means clustering technique. The developed PLOS model and threshold values were validated with the field-observed data. Statistical performance tests were conducted and the results provided more accurate and reliable solutions. In conclusion, this study provides a feasible alternative to measure pedestrian perception-based level of service at signalized intersections. The developed PLOS model and threshold values would be useful for planning and designing pedestrian facilities and also in evaluating and improving the existing conditions of pedestrian facilities at signalized intersections.

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