scholarly journals Using Multivariate Geostatistics to Assess Patterns of Spatial Dependence of Apparent Soil Electrical Conductivity and Selected Soil Properties

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glécio Machado Siqueira ◽  
Jorge Dafonte Dafonte ◽  
Montserrat Valcárcel Armesto ◽  
Ênio Farias França e Silva
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Soil Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Multivariate Geostatistics ◽  
Northwestern Spain

The apparent soil electrical conductivity (ECa) was continuously recorded in three successive dates using electromagnetic induction in horizontal (ECa-H) and vertical (ECa-V) dipole modes at a 6 ha plot located in Northwestern Spain. One of the ECadata sets was used to devise an optimized sampling scheme consisting of 40 points. Soil was sampled at the 0.0–0.3 m depth, in these 40 points, and analyzed for sand, silt, and clay content; gravimetric water content; and electrical conductivity of saturated soil paste. Coefficients of correlation between ECaand gravimetric soil water content (0.685 for ECa-V and 0.649 for ECa-H) were higher than those between ECaand clay content (ranging from 0.197 to 0.495, when different ECarecording dates were taken into account). Ordinary and universal kriging have been used to assess the patterns of spatial variability of the ECadata sets recorded at successive dates and the analyzed soil properties. Ordinary and universal cokriging methods have improved the estimation of gravimetric soil water content using the data of ECaas secondary variable with respect to the use of ordinary kriging.

The effect of soil electrical conductivity on moisture determination using time-domain reflectometry in sandy soil

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. J. Sun ◽  
G. D. Young ◽  
R. A. McFarlane ◽  
B.M. Chambers
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Saline Soil ◽  
Time Domain Reflectometry ◽  
Propagation Time ◽  
Soil Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Volumetric Soil Water Content ◽  
Volumetric Soil Water

A series of laboratory experiments was conducted, in order to systematically explore the effect of soil electrical conductivity on soil moisture determination using time domain reflectometry (TDR). A Moisture Point MP-917 soil moisture instrument (E.S.I. Environmental Sensors Inc., Victoria, BC, Canada) was used to measure propagation time (time delay) of a step function along a probe imbedded in fine sand with different moisture and salinity. The volumetric soil water content was independently determined using a balance. With the help of the diode-switching technique, MP-917 could detect the reflection from the end of the probe as the electrical conductivity of saturated soil extract (ECe) increased to 15.29 dS m−1. However, the relationship between volumetric soil water content and propagation time expressed as T/Tair (the ratio of propagation time in soil to that in air over the same distance) deviated from a linear relationship as the conductivity exceeded 3.72 dS m−1. At the same water content, the time delay in a saline soil was longer than that in a non-saline soil. This leads to an over-estimation of volumetric soil water content when the linear calibration was applied. A logarithmic relationship between volumetric soil water content and T/Tair has been developed and this relation includes soil electrical conductivity as a parameter. With this new calibration, it is possible to precisely determine the volumetric water content of highly saline soil using TDR. Key words: Time domain reflectometry, time delay, bulk electrical conductivity (σ), volumetric soil water content (θ), relative permittivity or dielectric constant (εr), propagation velocity Vp

ESTIMATING SPATIAL VARIATIONS OF SOIL WATER CONTENT USING NONCONTACTING ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTIVE METHODS

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 715-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. KACHANOSKI ◽  
I. J. VAN WESENBEECK ◽  
E. G. GREGORICH
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Soil Texture ◽  
Spatial Variations ◽  
Bulk Soil ◽  
Soil Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Solution Conductivity

The relationships among the spatial variations of soil water content, soil texture, soil solution electrical conductivity, and bulk soil electrical conductivity were examined for a field characterized by net drainage and low concentrations of dissolved electrolytes. Bulk soil electrical conductivity was measured over various depths at 52 locations within a 1.8-ha field using noncontacting electromagnetic inductive meters. Soil water content (0–0.5 m depth) was measured at the same locations using the time domain reflectometry method. Measurements of soil texture and soil solution conductivity were obtained from core samples from 37 of the sampling locations. Soil water content at the site ranged from 0.06 to 0.36 m3 m−3. Clay content ranged from 2.5 to 44% percent and bulk soil electrical conductivity ranged from 0.0 to 0.21 S m−1. Significant correlation existed among almost all of the measured variables. Regression analysis indicated soil solution conductivity had no effect on measured bulk soil electrical conductivity for soil water contents less than 0.25 m3 m−3. Bulk soil electrical conductivity explained 96% of the spatial variation of soil water content independent of a wide range of soil texture. Autocorrelations of soil water content were similar to autocorrelations for bulk soil electrical conductivity. Under conditions similar to those in the study area, it should be possible to infer spatial variations in soil water content quickly by measuring bulk electrical conductivity using noncontacting electromagnetic inductive meters. Key words: Spatial variability, soil water, electrical conductivity, soil texture

scholarly journals CONDUTIVIDADE ELÉTRICA DA SOLUÇÃO DE SOLO EM FUNÇÃO DA CONDUTIVIDADE ELÉTRICA APARENTE E DA UMIDADE DO SOLO SOB APLICAÇÃO DE CLORETO DE POTÁSSIO COM USO DA REFLECTOMETRIA NO DOMINIO DO TEMPO

Irriga ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-183
Author(s):  
Tibério Santos Martins da Silva ◽  
Vital Pedro da Silva Paz ◽  
Eugênio Ferreira Coelho ◽  
Maurício Antônio Coelho Filho ◽  
Gessionei Da Silva Santana
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Time Domain ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Time Domain Reflectometry ◽  
Soil Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Bulk Electrical Conductivity

CONDUTIVIDADE ELÉTRICA DA SOLUÇÃO DE SOLO EM FUNÇÃO DA CONDUTIVIDADE ELÉTRICA APARENTE E DA UMIDADE DO SOLO SOB APLICAÇÃO DE CLORETO DE POTÁSSIO COM USO DA REFLECTOMETRIA NO DOMINIO DO TEMPO  Tibério Santos Martins da Silva1; Vital Pedro da Silva Paz2; Eugênio Ferreira Coelho3; Maurício Antônio Coelho Filho3; Gessionei da Silva Santana41Universidade Federal da Bahia,  Cruz das Almas, BA, tibé[email protected] de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Cruz das Almas-BA, 3Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Cruz das Almas-BA4Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG,   1 RESUMO O trabalho teve como objetivo definir, em campo e em laboratório, modelos matemáticos que melhor relacionam a condutividade elétrica aparente (CEa), a umidade do solo (q) e a condutividade elétrica da solução do solo (CEw) sob aplicação de cloreto de potássio, via água de irrigação por gotejamento. O experimento consistiu de leituras de CEa e q com um analisador de umidade de reflectometria no domínio do tempo (TDR) em colunas de solo em laboratório e em várias posições de uma malha retangular de um perfil do solo, em condições de campo, seguido da extração de solução iônica nas respectivas posições. Foram ajustados modelos lineares e não lineares relacionando CEa, q e CEw. O resultados permitiram concluir que a CEw da solução do solo pode ser monitorada a partir de leituras de CEa pela TDR para fins de distribuição de solutos no solo sob fertirrigação, com uso dos modelos de Rhoades et al. (1976), Vogeler et al. (1996), Nadler et al. (1984) e empírico em condições de campo e laboratório. O modelo de Rhoades et al. (1989) e Rhoades et al. (1976) mostraram-se adequados apenas para os estudos em laboratório. UNITERMOS: fertirrigação, TDR  SILVA, T. S. M. DA; PAZ, V. P. DA S.; COELHO, E. F.; COELHO FILHO, M. A.; SANTANA, G. DA S. SOIL SOLUTION ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY AS A FUNCTION OF BULK ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY AND SOIL WATER CONTENT UNDER POTASSIUM CLORIDE APPLICATION USING TIME DOMAIN REFLECTOMETRY  2 ABSTRACT This study aimed to define mathematical models that suitably relate bulk electrical conductivity (CEa), soil water content (q) and soil solution electrical conductivity (CEw) under potassium chloride application by drip irrigation. The experiment consisted of readings of CEa and q using a Time Domain Reflectometry analyzer (TDR) in soil columns in laboratory and on several positions of rectangular soil profile grid under field conditions. Ionic solution was extracted in all positions of TDR readings. Linear and non-linear models relating CEa, q and CEw were adjusted to laboratory and field data. Results allowed to conclude that CEw may be monitored by readings of CEa from TDR for soil solute distribution under fertirrigation, using models of Rhoades et al. (1976), Vogeler et al. (1996), Nadler et al. (1984) and an empirical model in lab and in field. The models of de Rhoades et al. (1989) e Rhoades et al. (1976) were suitable only for laboratory studies. KEYWORDS: fertirrigation, soil electrical conductivity, TDR

scholarly journals Laboratory Calibration and Field Validation of Soil Water Content and Salinity Measurements Using the 5TE Sensor

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (23) ◽  
pp. 5272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zemni ◽  
Bouksila ◽  
Persson ◽  
Slama ◽  
Berndtsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Soil Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Application Range ◽  
Laboratory Calibration

Capacitance sensors are widely used in agriculture for irrigation and soil management purposes. However, their use under saline conditions is a major challenge, especially for sensors operating with low frequency. Their dielectric readings are often biased by high soil electrical conductivity. New calculation approaches for soil water content (θ) and pore water electrical conductivity (ECp), in which apparent soil electrical conductivity (ECa) is included, have been suggested in recent research. However, these methods have neither been tested with low-cost capacitance probes such as the 5TE (70 MHz, Decagon Devices, Pullman, WA, USA) nor for field conditions. Thus, it is important to determine the performance of these approaches and to test the application range using the 5TE sensor for irrigated soils. For this purpose, sandy soil was collected from the Jemna oasis in southern Tunisia and four 5TE sensors were installed in the field at four soil depths. Measurements of apparent dielectric permittivity (Ka), ECa, and soil temperature were taken under different electrical conductivity of soil moisture solutions. Results show that, under field conditions, 5TE accuracy for θ estimation increased when considering the ECa effect. Field calibrated models gave better θ estimation (root mean square error (RMSE) = 0.03 m3 m−3) as compared to laboratory experiments (RMSE = 0.06 m3 m−3). For ECp prediction, two corrections of the Hilhorst model were investigated. The first approach, which considers the ECa effect on K’ reading, failed to improve the Hilhorst model for ECp > 3 dS m−1 for both laboratory and field conditions. However, the second approach, which considers the effect of ECa on the soil parameter K0, increased the performance of the Hilhorst model and gave accurate measurements of ECp using the 5TE sensor for irrigated soil.

scholarly journals Temporal stability of electrical conductivity in a sandy soil

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aura Pedrera-Parrilla ◽  
Eric C. Brevik ◽  
Juan V. Giráldez ◽  
Karl Vanderlinden
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Temporal Stability ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Soil Spatial Variability

Abstract Understanding of soil spatial variability is needed to delimit areas for precision agriculture. Electromagnetic induction sensors which measure the soil apparent electrical conductivity reflect soil spatial variability. The objectives of this work were to see if a temporally stable component could be found in electrical conductivity, and to see if temporal stability information acquired from several electrical conductivity surveys could be used to better interpret the results of concurrent surveys of electrical conductivity and soil water content. The experimental work was performed in a commercial rainfed olive grove of 6.7 ha in the ‘La Manga’ catchment in SW Spain. Several soil surveys provided gravimetric soil water content and electrical conductivity data. Soil electrical conductivity values were used to spatially delimit three areas in the grove, based on the first principal component, which represented the time-stable dominant spatial electrical conductivity pattern and explained 86% of the total electrical conductivity variance. Significant differences in clay, stone and soil water contents were detected between the three areas. Relationships between electrical conductivity and soil water content were modelled with an exponential model. Parameters from the model showed a strong effect of the first principal component on the relationship between soil water content and electrical conductivity. Overall temporal stability of electrical conductivity reflects soil properties and manifests itself in spatial patterns of soil water content.

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