Screening of Viral Pathogens from Pediatric Ileal Tissue Samples after Vaccination

In 2010, researchers reported that the two US-licensed rotavirus vaccines contained DNA or DNA fragments from porcine circovirus (PCV). Although PCV, a common virus among pigs, is not thought to cause illness in humans, these findings raised several safety concerns. In this study, we sought to determine whether viruses, including PCV, could be detected in ileal tissue samples of children vaccinated with one of the two rotavirus vaccines. A broad spectrum, novel DNA detection technology, the Lawrence Livermore Microbial Detection Array (LLMDA), was utilized, and confirmation of viral pathogens using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was conducted. The LLMDA technology was recently used to identify PCV from one rotavirus vaccine. Ileal tissue samples were analyzed from 21 subjects, aged 15–62 months. PCV was not detected in any ileal tissue samples by the LLMDA or PCR. LLMDA identified a human rotavirus A from one of the vaccinated subjects, which is likely due to a recent infection from a wild type rotavirus. LLMDA also identified human parechovirus, a common gastroenteritis viral infection, from two subjects. Additionally, LLMDA detected common gastrointestinal bacterial organisms from theEnterobacteriaceae,Bacteroidaceae, andStreptococcaceaefamilies from several subjects. This study provides a survey of viral and bacterial pathogens from pediatric ileal samples, and may shed light on future studies to identify pathogen associations with pediatric vaccinations.

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Generation of Simian Rotavirus Reassortants with VP4- and VP7-Encoding Genome Segments from Human Strains Circulating in Africa Using Reverse Genetics

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v12020201 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 201 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Alexander Falkenhagen ◽

Corinna Patzina-Mehling ◽

Ashish K. Gadicherla ◽

Amy Strydom ◽

Hester G. O’Neill ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Culture ◽

Disease Burden ◽

Reverse Genetics ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Rotavirus A ◽

Virus Particles ◽

Rotavirus Vaccines ◽

Human Rotavirus ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

Infants And Young Children

Human rotavirus A (RVA) causes acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children. The broad use of two vaccines, which are based on RVA strains from Europe and North America, significantly reduced rotavirus disease burden worldwide. However, a lower vaccine effectiveness is recorded in some regions of the world, such as sub-Saharan Africa, where diverse RVA strains are circulating. Here, a plasmid-based reverse genetics system was used to generate simian RVA reassortants with VP4 and VP7 proteins derived from African human RVA strains not previously adapted to cell culture. We were able to rescue 1/3 VP4 mono-reassortants, 3/3 VP7 mono-reassortants, but no VP4/VP7 double reassortant. Electron microscopy showed typical triple-layered virus particles for the rescued reassortants. All reassortants stably replicated in MA-104 cells; however, the VP4 reassortant showed significantly slower growth compared to the simian RVA or the VP7 reassortants. The results indicate that, at least in cell culture, human VP7 has a high reassortment potential, while reassortment of human VP4 from unadapted human RVA strains with simian RVA seems to be limited. The characterized reassortants may be useful for future studies investigating replication and reassortment requirements of rotaviruses as well as for the development of next generation rotavirus vaccines.

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Etiological, epidemiological, and clinical features of acute diarrhea in China

Nature Communications ◽

10.1038/s41467-021-22551-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Li-Ping Wang ◽

◽

Shi-Xia Zhou ◽

Xin Wang ◽

Qing-Bin Lu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Features ◽

Acute Diarrhea ◽

Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽

Bacterial Pathogens ◽

Control Measures ◽

Viral Pathogens ◽

Rotavirus A ◽

Positive Rate ◽

Prevention And Control Measures ◽

And Control

AbstractNational-based prospective surveillance of all-age patients with acute diarrhea was conducted in China between 2009‒2018. Here we report the etiological, epidemiological, and clinical features of the 152,792 eligible patients enrolled in this analysis. Rotavirus A and norovirus are the two leading viral pathogens detected in the patients, followed by adenovirus and astrovirus. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli and nontyphoidal Salmonella are the two leading bacterial pathogens, followed by Shigella and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Patients aged <5 years had higher overall positive rate of viral pathogens, while bacterial pathogens were more common in patients aged 18‒45 years. A joinpoint analysis revealed the age-specific positivity rate and how this varied for individual pathogens. Our findings fill crucial gaps of how the distributions of enteropathogens change across China in patients with diarrhea. This allows enhanced identification of the predominant diarrheal pathogen candidates for diagnosis in clinical practice and more targeted application of prevention and control measures.

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Two out of the 11 genes of an unusual human G6P[6] rotavirus isolate are of bovine origin

Journal of General Virology ◽

10.1099/vir.0.2008/003780-0 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 89 (10) ◽

pp. 2630-2635 ◽

Cited By ~ 75

Author(s):

Jelle Matthijnssens ◽

Mustafizur Rahman ◽

Marc Van Ranst

Keyword(s):

Complete Genome ◽

Bovine Rotavirus ◽

Rotavirus Vaccines ◽

Human Rotavirus ◽

New Gene ◽

Molecular Origin ◽

Encoding Gene ◽

Vp7 Gene

In 2003, we described the first human G6P[6] rotavirus strain (B1711). To investigate further the molecular origin of this strain and to determine the possible reassortments leading to this new gene constellation, the complete genome of strain B1711 was sequenced. SimPlot analyses were conducted to compare strain B1711 with other known rotavirus gene segments, and phylogenetic dendrograms were constructed to analyse the origin of the eleven genome segments of strain B1711. Our analysis indicated that strain B1711 acquired its VP1-, VP2-, VP4-, VP6- and NSP1–5-encoding gene segments from human DS-1-like P[6] rotavirus strains, and its VP3 and VP7 gene segments from a bovine rotavirus strain through reassortment. The introduction of animal–human reassortant strains, which might arise in either of the hosts, into the human rotavirus population is an important mechanism for the generation of rotavirus diversity, and might be a challenge for the current rotavirus vaccines and vaccines under development.

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Research on Microbial Detection Technology Based on Femtosecond Laser Technology Raman Spectroscopy

10.1109/icoim52180.2021.9524425 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Xin-Xin Chen ◽

Hu-Qiang Tian ◽

Bo Cheng

Keyword(s):

Raman Spectroscopy ◽

Femtosecond Laser ◽

Laser Technology ◽

Microbial Detection ◽

Detection Technology

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Study on microbial detection technology in food safety

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202123302029 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 233 ◽

pp. 02029

Author(s):

Xindi Zhang

Keyword(s):

Food Safety ◽

Rapid Development ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Safety Testing ◽

Microbial Detection ◽

Detection Technology ◽

Atp Bioluminescence ◽

Quality Of Food

Economic development has not only led to the steady development of the gross national economy, but also provided a fundamental guarantee for the life of the residents at this stage. However, with the rapid development of economy, people’s attention to hidden safety problems has gradually shifted from big problems to “small details” of food safety. At the same time, in order to reduce the health problems of consumers in the process of eating products, we should start from the source of food, and use microbial technology in the current food safety testing, so as to fundamentally improve the quality of food safety. At present, PCR, impedance, ATP bioluminescence, lamp and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay are widely used. In this paper, the role of microbial detection technology was described, and the application of microbial detection technology in food safety detection was analyzed in depth, hoping to provide a reference for ensuring food safety through the promotion of microbial detection technology.

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Detection of Porcine Circovirus Types 1 and 2 in Serum and Tissue Samples of Pigs with and without Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome

Journal of Clinical Microbiology ◽

10.1128/jcm.40.5.1848-1850.2002 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 40 (5) ◽

pp. 1848-1850 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

M. Calsamiglia ◽

J. Segales ◽

J. Quintana ◽

C. Rosell ◽

M. Domingo

Keyword(s):

Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome ◽

Porcine Circovirus ◽

Tissue Samples ◽

Wasting Syndrome

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Surveillance of Human Rotavirus in Wuhan, China (2011–2019): Predominance of G9P[8] and Emergence of G12

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens9100810 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 810

Author(s):

Xuan Zhou ◽

Yuan-Hong Wang ◽

Bei-Bei Pang ◽

Nan Chen ◽

Nobumichi Kobayashi

Keyword(s):

Etiologic Agent ◽

Genetic Characteristics ◽

Predominant Genotype ◽

Rotavirus A ◽

Epidemic Season ◽

Human Rotavirus ◽

Stool Specimens ◽

Virus Strains ◽

Nsp3 Gene ◽

Infants And Young Children

Rotaviruses are a major etiologic agent of gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide. To learn the shift of genotypes and genetic characteristics of Rotavirus A (RVA) causing diarrhea in children and adults, a hospital-based surveillance of rotavirus was conducted in Wuhan, China from June 2011 through May 2019, and representative virus strains were phylogenetically analyzed. Among a total of 6733 stool specimens collected from both children and adults with acute gastroenteritis, RVA was detected in 25.5% (1125/4409) and 12.3% (285/2324) of specimens, respectively. G9P[8] was the most common genotype (74.5%), followed by G1P[8] (8.7%), G2P[4] (8.4%), and G3P[8] (7.3%), with G9P[8] increasing rapidly during the study period. The predominant genotype shifted from G1P[8] to G9P[8] in 2012–2013 epidemic season. G12P[6] strain RVA/Human-wt/CHN/Z2761/2019/G12P[6] was detected in April 2019 and assigned to G12-P[6]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T2-E1-H1 genotypes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that VP7, VP4, VP6, VP3, NSP1, NSP2, and NSP5 genes of Z2761 clustered closely with those of Korean G12P[6] strain CAU_214, showing high nucleotide identities (98.0–98.8%). The NSP3 gene of Z2761 was closely related to those of G2P[4] and G12P[6] rotaviruses in Asia. All the eleven gene segments of Z2761 kept distance from those of cocirculating G9P[8], G1P[8], and G3P[8] strains detected in Wuhan during this study period. This is the first identification of G12 rotavirus in China. It is deduced that Z2761 is a reassortant having DS-1-like NSP3 gene in the background of G12P[6] rotavirus genetically close to CAU_214.

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