scholarly journals Odorant Receptors Signaling Instructs the Development and Plasticity of the Glomerular Map

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Valle-Leija
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Olfactory System ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Odorant Receptors ◽  
Great Opportunity ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Olfactory Information ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
And Function

The olfactory system provides a great opportunity to explore the mechanisms that underlie the formation and function of neural circuits because of the simplicity of its structure. Olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) located in the peripheral olfactory epithelium (OE) take part in the initial formation and function of glomeruli in the olfactory bulb (OB) inside the central nervous system. Glomeruli are key in the process of transduction of olfactory information, as they constitute a map in the OB that sorts the different types of odorant inputs. This odorant categorization allows proper olfactory perception, and it is achieved through the anatomical organization and function of the different glomerular circuits. Once formed, glomeruli keep the capacity to undergo diverse plasticity processes, which is unique among the different neural circuits of the central nervous system. In this context, through the expression and function of the odorant receptors (ORs), OSNs perform two of the most important roles in the olfactory system: transducing odorant information to the nervous system and initiating the development of the glomerular map to organize olfactory information. This review addresses essential information that has emerged in recent years about the molecular basis of these processes.

scholarly journals Amino acid sequence of the encephalitogenic basic protein from human myelin

1971 ◽  
Vol 123 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Carnegie
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Basic Protein ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
And Function ◽  
Experimental Autoimmune

Myelin from the central nervous system contains an unusual basic protein, which can induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. The basic protein from human brain was digested with trypsin and other enzymes and the sequence of the 170 amino acids was determined. The localization of the encephalitogenic determinants was described. Possible roles for the protein in the structure and function of myelin are discussed.

Molecular Biology of Vertebrate Olfactory Receptors and Circuits

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard P. Tucker ◽  
Qizhi Gong
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Gene Family ◽  
Sensory Neuron ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Odorant Receptor ◽  
Vomeronasal Organ ◽  
Odorant Receptors ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Animals use their olfactory system for the procurement of food, the detection of danger, and the identification of potential mates. In vertebrates, the olfactory sensory neuron has a single apical dendrite that is exposed to the environment and a single basal axon that projects to the central nervous system (i.e., the olfactory bulb). The first odorant receptors to be discovered belong to an enormous gene family encoding G protein-coupled seven transmembrane domain proteins. Odorant binding to these classical odorant receptors initiates a GTP-dependent signaling cascade that uses cAMP as a second messenger. Subsequently, additional types of odorant receptors using different signaling pathways have been identified. While most olfactory sensory neurons are found in the olfactory sensory neuroepithelium, others are found in specialized olfactory subsystems. In rodents, the vomeronasal organ contains neurons that recognize pheromones, the septal organ recognizes odorant and mechanical stimuli, and the neurons of the Grüneberg ganglion are sensitive to cool temperatures and certain volatile alarm signals. Within the olfactory sensory neuroepithelium, each sensory neuron expresses a single odorant receptor gene out of the large gene family; the axons of sensory neurons expressing the same odorant receptor typically converge onto a pair of glomeruli at the periphery of the olfactory bulb. This results in the transformation of olfactory information into a spatially organized odortopic map in the olfactory bulb. The axons originating from the vomeronasal organ project to the accessory olfactory bulb, whereas the axons from neurons in the Grüneberg ganglion project to 10 specific glomeruli found in the caudal part of the olfactory bulb. Within a glomerulus, the axons originating from olfactory sensory neurons synapse on the dendrites of olfactory bulb neurons, including mitral and tufted cells. Mitral cells and tufted cells in turn project directly to higher brain centers (e.g., the piriform cortex and olfactory tubercle). The integration of olfactory information in the olfactory cortices and elsewhere in the central nervous system informs and directs animal behavior.

scholarly journals A sart1 Zebrafish Mutant Results in Developmental Defects in the Central Nervous System

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 2340
Author(s):  
Hannah E. Henson ◽  
Michael R. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Developmental Defects ◽  
Whole Exome ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
And Function ◽  
Upregulated Genes ◽  
The Brain

The spliceosome consists of accessory proteins and small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) that remove introns from RNA. As splicing defects are associated with degenerative conditions, a better understanding of spliceosome formation and function is essential. We provide insight into the role of a spliceosome protein U4/U6.U5 tri-snRNP-associated protein 1, or Squamous cell carcinoma antigen recognized by T-cells (Sart1). Sart1 recruits the U4.U6/U5 tri-snRNP complex to nuclear RNA. The complex then associates with U1 and U2 snRNPs to form the spliceosome. A forward genetic screen identifying defects in choroid plexus development and whole-exome sequencing (WES) identified a point mutation in exon 12 of sart1 in Danio rerio (zebrafish). This mutation caused an up-regulation of sart1. Using RNA-Seq analysis, we identified additional upregulated genes, including those involved in apoptosis. We also observed increased activated caspase 3 in the brain and eye and down-regulation of vision-related genes. Although splicing occurs in numerous cells types, sart1 expression in zebrafish was restricted to the brain. By identifying sart1 expression in the brain and cell death within the central nervous system (CNS), we provide additional insights into the role of sart1 in specific tissues. We also characterized sart1’s involvement in cell death and vision-related pathways.

scholarly journals Regenerative Potential of Carbon Monoxide in Adult Neural Circuits of the Central Nervous System

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 2273
Author(s):  
Eunyoung Jung ◽  
Seong-Ho Koh ◽  
Myeongjong Yoo ◽  
Yoon Kyung Choi
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurotrophic Factors ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Cns Injury ◽  
Cns Regeneration ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Endogenous Neural Stem Cells

Regeneration of adult neural circuits after an injury is limited in the central nervous system (CNS). Heme oxygenase (HO) is an enzyme that produces HO metabolites, such as carbon monoxide (CO), biliverdin and iron by heme degradation. CO may act as a biological signal transduction effector in CNS regeneration by stimulating neuronal intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms as well as mitochondrial biogenesis. CO may give directions by which the injured neurovascular system switches into regeneration mode by stimulating endogenous neural stem cells and endothelial cells to produce neurons and vessels capable of replacing injured neurons and vessels in the CNS. The present review discusses the regenerative potential of CO in acute and chronic neuroinflammatory diseases of the CNS, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease and the role of signaling pathways and neurotrophic factors. CO-mediated facilitation of cellular communications may boost regeneration, consequently forming functional adult neural circuits in CNS injury.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document