scholarly journals Larger Thyroid Volume and Adequate Iodine Nutrition in Chinese Schoolchildren: Local Normative Reference Values Compared with WHO/IGN

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhe Mo ◽  
Xiaoming Lou ◽  
Guangming Mao ◽  
Zhifang Wang ◽  
Wenming Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reference Values ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Reference Interval ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Zhejiang Province ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
Local Reference ◽  
Urine Iodine

Objective. Thyroid volume measured by ultrasound to define goiter needs reliable local thyroid volume reference from iodine-sufficient populations. The aim of this study is to explore the reference interval for normal thyroid volume in schoolchildren aged 8–10 years from Zhejiang Province, China.Methods. A probability-proportionate-to-size sampling method was applied to select a representative sample of 1213 children aged 8–10 years in Zhejiang Province to detect the thyroid volume, salt iodine, and urine iodine.Results. Median urinary iodine concentration in involved schoolchildren was 178.30 (125.00) μg l−1, with the percentage of samples less than 100 μg l−1as 12.69% and more than 300 μg l−1as 15.25%. Thyroid volume was significantly correlated with age and anthropometric measurements independently of each other. The 97th percentile of thyroid volume in our study was larger generally than the new international reference.Conclusions. The iodine nutritional status in Zhejiang Province was at an adequate level. Despite some limitations in this study, we initially established the reference values for thyroid volume in 8–10-year-old schoolchildren in Zhejiang Province, China, as a local reference to be used for monitoring iodine deficiency disorders.

scholarly journals An epidemiological survey of children's iodine nutrition and goitre status in regions with mildly excessive iodine in drinking water in Hebei Province, China

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 1168-1173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shengmin Lv ◽  
Jun Zhao ◽  
Dong Xu ◽  
Zhengshui Chong ◽  
Lihui Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Hebei Province ◽  
Systematic Sampling ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
Excessive Iodine ◽  
Salt Iodine

AbstractObjectiveTo identify children's iodine nutrition and goitre status in areas with mildly excessive iodine in drinking water.DesignA cross-sectional survey. Probability proportional to size sampling was employed to randomly select children from thirty townships where the median iodine content in drinking water ranged from 150 to 300 μg/l; their urinary iodine concentrations were determined and their thyroid volumes were measured by ultrasound. Drinking water samples and salt samples from the villages where the children lived were collected using a systematic sampling method.SettingHebei Province of China.SubjectsA total of 1259 children aged 8–10 years (621 boys and 638 girls).ResultsChildren's median urinary iodine concentration was found to be 418·8 μg/l, and the iodine concentration was >300 μg/l for 68·3 % (248/363) of the urine samples. Children's median urinary iodine concentration in villages with median salt iodine >10 mg/kg was significantly higher than that in villages with median salt iodine <5 mg/kg (442·9 μg/l v. 305·4 μg/l, P ≈ 0). The goitre rate of 1259 children examined by ultrasound was 10·96 %.ConclusionsThe iodine intake of children living in areas with mildly excessive iodine in drinking water in Hebei Province was found to be excessive. The measured iodine excess in the sampled children is exacerbated by consumption of iodized salt. Goitre was identified in these areas; however, due to the limitation of the current criteria for children's thyroid volume, a comprehensive assessment of the prevalence of goitre in these regions could not be made and further study is required.

scholarly journals Iodine Nutritional Status and Thyroid volume of School-Aged Children in Wuhan, central of China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang Chen ◽  
Kai Wu ◽  
Yan Yang ◽  
Mingxing Xu
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Multivariate Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
School Aged Children

Abstract Background/Aims: Iodine deficiency is a public health problem over the world. China has achieved the iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) elimination goal through a mandatory universal salt iodization (USI) program. The aim of this study is to assess the current iodine nutritional status and thyroid volume of school-aged children in Wuhan, central of China. Methods The cross-sectional study was conducted among 8–10 years old children from 5 districts in Wuhan. A total of 1000 students were investigated. Salt iodine concentrations, urine iodine concentrations were determined using the standardized methods recommended by WHO/ICCIDD. An ultrasonography of thyroid and anthropometric measurements were performed in all subjects. Results The median urinary iodine concentration(MUI) of students was 247.50 µg/L with interquartile range of 147.00 to 384.00 µg/L. Two districts were classified as regions with adequate iodine nutrition, two districts as regions above the requirement, and one district as a region excessive according to the MUI. The prevalence of goiter was 3.0% and 7.8% according to Chinese national and WHO reference values, respectively, and the difference was not observed among different iodine nutrition groups(P༞0.05). The median thyroid volume(Tvol) of all students was 2.56 ml and the P97 of thyroid volume of both male and female in our study was generally higher than that reported by WHO/ICCIDD in 2007 as a function of age and BSA. The Tvol was in significant association with age, height, weight and BSA by Spearman’s correlation analysis(P < 0.001),and the result of multivariate linear regression analysis showed that only BSA were found to have a significant effect on thyroid volume after log conversion (t = 13.437, P < 0.001). Conclusion The present study indicated that the iodine nutrition among school-aged children in Wuhan was generally adequate with a relatively low goiter rate, while some of them have excess iodine nutrition. Thyroid volume in our study was higher than the reference of WHO and showed a significant correlation with BSA. So further researches were needed to evaluate the thyroid function in children with iodine excessive and the applicability of WHO reference in goiter diagnose. It was also highly recommended to establish the local reference values for thyroid volume that might be applicable to precisely define goiter prevalence in Wuhan.

Autoimmune thyroid diseases after 25 years of universal salt iodisation: an epidemiological study of Chinese adults in areas with different water iodine levels

2020 ◽  
Vol 124 (8) ◽  
pp. 853-864 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siyuan Wan ◽  
Mengying Qu ◽  
Huaiyong Wu ◽  
Bingxuan Ren ◽  
Wen Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Thyroid Disease ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid ◽  
Urine Iodine

AbstractThe present study aimed to evaluate the status of iodine nutrition and thyroid function in adults, to understand the distribution of thyroid disease in people with autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) in different water iodine areas and to explore the relationship between serum iodine, urine iodine and thyroid function in people with AITD. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in areas of Shandong Province with different water iodine levels, and subsequently 1225 adults were enrolled from iodine-deficient (ID), iodine-adequate (IA) and iodine-excess (IE) areas. Urinary iodine, water iodine, salt iodine, serum iodine and thyroid function were measured. According to the urine iodine concentration, the ID and IA areas were defined as iodine sufficient and the IE area as iodine excessive. Urine iodine, serum iodine, free thyroxine (FT4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were comparatively higher in the IE area. The positive rate of thyroglobulin antibody (19·1 %) and the prevalence of AITD (21·8 %) were higher in the ID areas; the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism was lowest in the ID areas (7·3 %) and highest in the IE area (16·3 %). Among the AITD population, urinary iodine concentration, free triiodothyronine, FT4 and TSH had a non-linear correlation with serum iodine; abnormal TSH level, serum iodine concentration > 110 µg/l and goitre were risk factors for AITD in adults, especially females. Our data collectively suggest that universal salt iodisation has improved the iodine nutritional status of the population in ID areas in China. Non-step-by-step iodine fortification may induce the transformation of thyroid autoimmune diseases from recessive-to-dominant in susceptible people. Moreover, enhanced monitoring of thyroid function in people with AITD is important.

scholarly journals Goitre Prevalence and Urinary Iodine Concentration in School-Aged Children in the Ashanti Region of Ghana

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Gyamfi ◽  
Yaw Amo Wiafe ◽  
Enoch Ofori Awuah ◽  
Evans Asamoah Adu ◽  
Emmanuel Kodie Boadi
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
Ashanti Region ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Excessive Iodine ◽  
Female Children ◽  
Goitre Prevalence

Background. Iodine deficiency is a public health problem. The universal salt iodization (USI) program is the main, simple, and cost-effective intervention strategy to control iodine deficiency. The study examined the iodine status in school-aged children in Ashanti region, Ghana, using thyroid volumes along with urinary iodine concentrations, the methods recommended by the WHO/ICCIDD for monitoring the sustained impact of USI programs. Methods. This cross-sectional study was conducted among school-aged children (6–12 years) from randomly selected schools in the central and northern part of the Ashanti region, Kumasi Metropolis, and Ejura-Sekyedumase Municipality, respectively. A total of 852 children were enrolled in the study. Thyroid volume and urinary iodine concentrations of the children were determined using the standardized methods recommended by WHO/ICCIDD. Anthropometric measurements were also evaluated. Results. The mean values of thyroid volume in female and male school-aged children were 3.53 ± 0.09 and 3.32 ± 0.07, respectively. The thyroid size was significantly associated with age (P<0.0001), weight (P<0.0001), height (P<0.0001), BMI (P<0.05), and BSA (P<0.0001) by Pearson’s correlation in both males and females. The P50 (median) thyroid volumes of school children investigated in this study were generally larger compared to the WHO/ICCIDD reference data by age and body surface area. The median value of urinary iodine concentration was 201.85 μg/L, which showed significant sex difference (P value <0.0001). Excessive iodine nutrition (≥300 μg/L) was observed among 34.4% of male children and 27.6% of female children. Also, 12.8% of the male and 19.5% of the female children had UIC below requirement (<100 μg/L). The criteria of thyroid volume per age yielded a goitre prevalence of 2.2%. In contrast, the criteria of thyroid volume by body surface area yielded a goitre prevalence of 0.9%. Conclusion. The study clearly indicated that adequate iodine nutrition exists generally among the school children. However, insufficient and excessive iodine intakes still persist among some of the children. The establishment of local reference values for thyroid volume that might be applicable to precisely define goitre prevalence in the Ghanaian context is highly recommended.

scholarly journals A survey of iodine intake and thyroid volume in Dutch schoolchildren: reference values in an iodine-sufficient area and the effect of puberty

2001 ◽  
pp. 595-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
WM Wiersinga ◽  
J Podoba ◽  
M Srbecky ◽  
M van Vessem ◽  
HC van Beeren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration

BACKGROUND: Iodine deficiency and endemic goiter have been reported in the past in The Netherlands, especially in the southeast. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate iodine intake and thyroid size in Dutch schoolchildren, contrasting those living in a formerly iodine-deficient region in the east (Doetinchem) with those living in an iodine-sufficient region in the west (Amsterdam area). DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey of 937 Dutch schoolchildren aged 6--18 years, of whom 390 lived in the eastern and 547 in the western part of the country. METHODS: Thyroid size was assessed by inspection and palpation as well as by ultrasound. Iodine intake was evaluated by questionnaires on dietary habits and by measurement of urinary iodine concentration. RESULTS: Eastern and western regions were similar with respect to median urinary iodine concentration (15.7 and 15.3 microg/dl, NS, Mann-Whitney U test), goiter prevalence by inspection and palpation (0.8 and 2.6%, P=0.08, chi-squared test), and thyroid volumes. The P97.5 values of thyroid volumes per age and body surface area group were all lower than the corresponding sex-specific normative WHO reference values. Iodized salt was not used by 45.7% of households. Daily bread consumption was five slices by boys and four slices by girls. Weekly milk consumption was 3 liters by boys and 2 liters by girls. Seafish was consumed once monthly. From these figures we calculated a mean daily iodine intake of 171 microg in boys and 143 microg in girls, in good agreement with the measured median urinary concentration of 16.7 microg/dl in boys and 14.5 microg/dl in girls. The sex difference in iodine excretion is fully accounted for by an extra daily consumption of one slice of bread (20 microg I) and one-seventh of a liter of milk (8.3 microg I) by boys. Thyroid volume increases with age, but a steep increase by 41% was observed in girls between 11 and 12 years, and by 55% in boys between 13 and 14 years, coinciding with peak height velocity. Girls have a larger thyroid volume at the ages of 12 and 13 years, but thyroid volume is larger in boys as of the age of 14 years. CONCLUSIONS: (1) Iodine deficiency disorders no longer exist in The Netherlands. (2) Bread consumption remains the main source of dietary iodine in The Netherlands; the contribution of iodized table salt and seafish is limited. (3) The earlier onset of puberty in girls renders their thyroid volume larger than in boys at the age of 12--13 years, but boys have a larger thyroid volume as of the age of 14 years.

scholarly journals Iodine Status of Taiwanese Population in 2013: 10 Years After Changing From Mandatory to Voluntary Salt Iodization

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fan-Fen Wang ◽  
Kam-Tsun Tang ◽  
Wen-Harn Pan ◽  
Justin Ging-Shing Won ◽  
Yao-Te Hsieh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
World Health ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Taiwanese Population ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Health Organization

Background: In 2003, Taiwan’s iodine policy changed from mandatory to voluntary. The Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan (NAHSIT) 2001-2002 for schoolchildren showed adequate iodine nutrition, while NAHSIT 2005-2008 for adults showed the iodine status was at borderline adequacy. Objective: To investigate the iodine status of the Taiwanese population from schoolchildren to adulthood 10 years after the change of the salt iodization policy. Method: Urinary iodine was measured in samples from subjects in NAHSIT 2013. Results: The median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) of the Taiwanese population aged 6 years and above in 2013 was 96 μg/L, indicating mild iodine deficiency. The median UIC of 6- to 12-year-old schoolchildren was 124 μg/L (interquartile range [IQR]: 92-213 μg/L), and 115 μg/L (IQR: 80-166 μg/L), 125 μg/L (IQR: 74-161 μg/L), 73 μg/L (IQR: 52-131 μg/L), and 78 μg/L (IQR: 52-132 μg/L) in populations aged 13 to 18 years, 19 to 44 years, 45 to 64 years, and ≥65 years, respectively. Declining iodine nutrition in age groups ≥45 years old was noted that the median UIC of populations aged 45 to 64 years and ≥65 years was 99 and 88 μg/L, respectively, in NAHSIT 2005-2008. The median UIC of schoolchildren was not lower than that during the mandatory salt fortification period, but the distribution of urinary iodine levels signified a dietary pattern change. Conclusion: Wide-ranging variation in iodine nutrition levels was observed in different age groups. Universal salt iodization, as suggested by the World Health Organization, should be the best strategy to achieve adequate iodine nutrition.

scholarly journals Urinary Iodine Concentration in a Cohort of Adult Outpatients with Thyroid Diseases in Liguria 14 Years after the Law on Salt Iodization

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Conte ◽  
Comina ◽  
Monti ◽  
Sidoti ◽  
Vannozzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Records ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Thyroid Diseases ◽  
Outpatient Clinics ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Clinical Records ◽  
Iodine Sufficiency

Italy is considered a mildly iodine-deficient country. The aim of this study was to evaluate the iodine status of a cohort of adults living in Liguria after the 2005 salt iodization program. We searched all medical records of patients examined in two endocrine outpatient clinics in Genoa and Savona for data on urinary iodine. Subjects were under evaluation for thyroid diseases. Information on the type of salt used was found in few clinical records. Iodized salt use was reported in 29%, 20%, and 13% of records of people living in Genoa districts, the Savona district and nearby districts, respectively. The average urinary iodine concentration was 112.9 ± 62.3 µg/L (n = 415, median 101.0 µg/L). Non-significant differences (P > 0.05) were found between subjects with (median 103.5 µg/L) and without (median 97.5 µg/L) a thyroid gland, between the periods 2009–2013 (median 105.0 µg/L) and 2014–2018 (median 97.5 µg/L), and between Genoa (median 94.0 µg/L), Savona (median 105.0 µg/L) and the other districts (median 114.5 µg/L). No correlation with age, body mass index, creatinine, free thyroxine, thyroglobulin, levo-thyroxine dosage, or thyroid volume was observed. These data suggest a borderline status of iodine sufficiency in this cohort.

Iodine nutrition status of women after 10 years of Lipiodol supplementation: a cross-sectional study in Xinjiang, China

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Lixiang Liu ◽  
Peng Liu ◽  
Qin Lin ◽  
Xiaohui Su ◽  
Jia Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Nutrition Status ◽  
Thyroid Peroxidase ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Free Triiodothyronine ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Status Of Women

Abstract This study examined the contribution of long-term use of Lipiodol capsules, as a supplement to iodised salt to the control of iodine deficiency disorders among women in Xinjiang of China. A total of 1220 women across Kashgar, Aksu, Turpan and Yili Prefectures were surveyed in 2017. Lipiodol capsules were administered twice yearly in Kashgar and once yearly in Aksu and Turpan, but not in Yili. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC), free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroglobulin antibody, thyroid peroxidase antibody and thyroid volume values were assessed. All the women in the four areas were in a state of non-iodine deficiency by UIC. The UIC were higher than adequate in Kashgar and Aksu (619·4 v. 278·6 μg/l). Thyroid hormone levels differed significantly in Turpan and Yili (FT3: 4·4 v. 4·6 pmol/l, FT4: 13·8 v. 14·2 pmol/l, TSH: 2·0 v. 2·7 mIU/l), but did not differ significantly in Kashgar, Aksu and Yili. The four areas did not differ significantly with regard to thyroid nodules, autoimmune thyroiditis or goitre. However, the detection rates of subclinical hypothyroidism (16·6 %) and total thyroid dysfunction (25·4 %) were higher among women in Yili. The supplementation with Lipiodol capsules had improved the iodine nutrition status of women in iodine-deficient areas of Xinjiang since 2006. To avoid negative effects of excess iodine, we suggest a gradual discontinuation of Lipiodol capsules in women with special needs based on the existing iodine nutrition level of local women.

scholarly journals Endemic goitre and excessive iodine in urine and drinking water among Saharawi refugee children

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1472-1477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sigrun Henjum ◽  
Ingrid Barikmo ◽  
Anne Karine Gjerlaug ◽  
Abderraháman Mohamed-Lehabib ◽  
Arne Oshaug ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Refugee Children ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Endemic Goitre ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Excessive Iodine

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the prevalence of enlarged thyroid volume (Tvol) in Saharawi refugee children, and their urinary iodine concentration (UIC), and to identify possible sources of excess iodine intake.DesignA cross-sectional survey was performed during January–February 2007. Tvol was measured by ultrasound and iodine concentration was analysed in casual urine samples, in household drinking water and in milk samples from household livestock.SettingThe study was undertaken in four refugee camps in the Algerian desert.SubjectsThe subjects were 421 Saharawi children, 6–14 years old.ResultsEnlarged Tvol was found in 56 % (Tvol-for-age) and 86 % (Tvol-for-body-surface-area) of the children. The median (25th percentile–75th percentile, P25–P75) UIC was 565 (357–887) μg/l. The median (P25–P75) iodine concentration in household drinking water was 108 (77–297) μg/l. None of the children had UIC below 100 μg/l, 16 % had UIC between 100 and 299 μg/l, and 84 % had UIC above 300 μg/l. There was a positive association between Tvol and whether the household possessed livestock.ConclusionsThe children are suffering from endemic goitre and high UIC caused probably by an excessive intake of iodine. The excessive iodine intakes probably originate from drinking water and milk.

scholarly journals Assessment of the iodine nutritional status among Chinese school-aged children

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 379-386
Author(s):  
Ning Yao ◽  
Chunbei Zhou ◽  
Jun Xie ◽  
Xinshu Li ◽  
Qianru Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Goiter Prevalence

Objective The remarkable success of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) elimination in China has been achieved through a mandatory universal salt iodization (USI) program. The study aims to estimate the relationship between urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and iodine content in edible salt to assess the current iodine nutritional status of school aged children. Methods A total of 5565 students from 26 of 39 districts/counties in Chongqing participated in the study, UIC and iodine content in table salt were measured. Thyroid volumes of 3311 students were examined by ultrasound and goiter prevalence was calculated. Results The overall median UIC of students was 222 μg/L (IQR: 150-313 μg/L). Median UIC was significantly different among groups with non-iodized salt (iodine content <5 mg/kg), inadequately iodized salt (between 5 and 21 mg/kg), adequately iodized (between 21 and 39 mg/kg) and excessively iodized (>39 mg/kg) salt (P < 0.01). The total goiter rate was 1.9% (60/3111) and 6.0% (186/3111) according to Chinese national and WHO reference values, respectively. Thyroid volume and goiter prevalence were not different within the three iodine nutritional status groups (insufficient, adequate and excessive, P > 0.05). Conclusions The efficient implementation of current USI program is able to reduce the goiter prevalence in Chongqing as a low incidence of goiter in school aged children is observed in this study. The widened UIC range of 100–299 μg/L indicating sufficient iodine intake is considered safe with a slim chance of causing goiter or thyroid dysfunction. Further researches were needed to evaluate the applicability of WHO reference in goiter diagnose in Chongqing or identifying more accurate criteria of normal thyroid volume of local students in the future.

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