scholarly journals Endemic goitre and excessive iodine in urine and drinking water among Saharawi refugee children

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1472-1477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sigrun Henjum ◽  
Ingrid Barikmo ◽  
Anne Karine Gjerlaug ◽  
Abderraháman Mohamed-Lehabib ◽  
Arne Oshaug ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Refugee Children ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Endemic Goitre ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Excessive Iodine

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the prevalence of enlarged thyroid volume (Tvol) in Saharawi refugee children, and their urinary iodine concentration (UIC), and to identify possible sources of excess iodine intake.DesignA cross-sectional survey was performed during January–February 2007. Tvol was measured by ultrasound and iodine concentration was analysed in casual urine samples, in household drinking water and in milk samples from household livestock.SettingThe study was undertaken in four refugee camps in the Algerian desert.SubjectsThe subjects were 421 Saharawi children, 6–14 years old.ResultsEnlarged Tvol was found in 56 % (Tvol-for-age) and 86 % (Tvol-for-body-surface-area) of the children. The median (25th percentile–75th percentile, P25–P75) UIC was 565 (357–887) μg/l. The median (P25–P75) iodine concentration in household drinking water was 108 (77–297) μg/l. None of the children had UIC below 100 μg/l, 16 % had UIC between 100 and 299 μg/l, and 84 % had UIC above 300 μg/l. There was a positive association between Tvol and whether the household possessed livestock.ConclusionsThe children are suffering from endemic goitre and high UIC caused probably by an excessive intake of iodine. The excessive iodine intakes probably originate from drinking water and milk.

scholarly journals Iodine-induced goitre and high prevalence of anaemia among Saharawi refugee women

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 1512-1518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sigrun Henjum ◽  
Ingrid Barikmo ◽  
Tor A Strand ◽  
Arne Oshaug ◽  
Liv Elin Torheim
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Refugee Women ◽  
High Prevalence

AbstractObjectiveThe main objective was to assess iodine status (thyroid volume (Tvol) and urinary iodine concentration (UIC)) and their determinants in Saharawi refugee women.DesignA cross-sectional survey was performed during January–February 2007. Tvol was measured by ultrasound and iodine concentration was analysed in spot urine samples and in household drinking water. Anthropometry and Hb concentration were measured and background variables were collected using pre-coded questionnaires.SettingThe survey was undertaken in four long-term refugee camps in the Algerian desert.SubjectsNon-pregnant women (n 394), 15–45 years old, randomly selected.ResultsMedian (25th percentile–75th percentile (P25–P75)) UIC was 466 (294–725) μg/l. Seventy-four per cent had UIC above 300 μg/l and 46 % above 500 μg/l. Median (P25–P75) Tvol was 9·4 (7·4–12·0) ml and the goitre prevalence was 22 %. UIC was positively associated with iodine in drinking water and negatively associated with breast-feeding, and these two variables explained 28 % of the variation in UIC. The mean (sd) Hb level was 11·8 (2·4) g/dl. In total 46 % were anaemic with 14 %, 25 % and 7 %, classified with respectively mild, moderate and severe anaemia.ConclusionsThe Saharawi women had high UIC, high levels of iodine in drinking water and increased Tvol and probably suffered from iodine-induced goitre. The high prevalence of anaemia is considered to be a severe public health concern. To what extent the excessive iodine intake and the anaemia have affected thyroid function is unknown and should be addressed in future studies.

scholarly journals An epidemiological survey of children's iodine nutrition and goitre status in regions with mildly excessive iodine in drinking water in Hebei Province, China

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 1168-1173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shengmin Lv ◽  
Jun Zhao ◽  
Dong Xu ◽  
Zhengshui Chong ◽  
Lihui Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Hebei Province ◽  
Systematic Sampling ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
Excessive Iodine ◽  
Salt Iodine

AbstractObjectiveTo identify children's iodine nutrition and goitre status in areas with mildly excessive iodine in drinking water.DesignA cross-sectional survey. Probability proportional to size sampling was employed to randomly select children from thirty townships where the median iodine content in drinking water ranged from 150 to 300 μg/l; their urinary iodine concentrations were determined and their thyroid volumes were measured by ultrasound. Drinking water samples and salt samples from the villages where the children lived were collected using a systematic sampling method.SettingHebei Province of China.SubjectsA total of 1259 children aged 8–10 years (621 boys and 638 girls).ResultsChildren's median urinary iodine concentration was found to be 418·8 μg/l, and the iodine concentration was >300 μg/l for 68·3 % (248/363) of the urine samples. Children's median urinary iodine concentration in villages with median salt iodine >10 mg/kg was significantly higher than that in villages with median salt iodine <5 mg/kg (442·9 μg/l v. 305·4 μg/l, P ≈ 0). The goitre rate of 1259 children examined by ultrasound was 10·96 %.ConclusionsThe iodine intake of children living in areas with mildly excessive iodine in drinking water in Hebei Province was found to be excessive. The measured iodine excess in the sampled children is exacerbated by consumption of iodized salt. Goitre was identified in these areas; however, due to the limitation of the current criteria for children's thyroid volume, a comprehensive assessment of the prevalence of goitre in these regions could not be made and further study is required.

scholarly journals Goitre Prevalence and Urinary Iodine Concentration in School-Aged Children in the Ashanti Region of Ghana

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Gyamfi ◽  
Yaw Amo Wiafe ◽  
Enoch Ofori Awuah ◽  
Evans Asamoah Adu ◽  
Emmanuel Kodie Boadi
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
Ashanti Region ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Excessive Iodine ◽  
Female Children ◽  
Goitre Prevalence

Background. Iodine deficiency is a public health problem. The universal salt iodization (USI) program is the main, simple, and cost-effective intervention strategy to control iodine deficiency. The study examined the iodine status in school-aged children in Ashanti region, Ghana, using thyroid volumes along with urinary iodine concentrations, the methods recommended by the WHO/ICCIDD for monitoring the sustained impact of USI programs. Methods. This cross-sectional study was conducted among school-aged children (6–12 years) from randomly selected schools in the central and northern part of the Ashanti region, Kumasi Metropolis, and Ejura-Sekyedumase Municipality, respectively. A total of 852 children were enrolled in the study. Thyroid volume and urinary iodine concentrations of the children were determined using the standardized methods recommended by WHO/ICCIDD. Anthropometric measurements were also evaluated. Results. The mean values of thyroid volume in female and male school-aged children were 3.53 ± 0.09 and 3.32 ± 0.07, respectively. The thyroid size was significantly associated with age (P<0.0001), weight (P<0.0001), height (P<0.0001), BMI (P<0.05), and BSA (P<0.0001) by Pearson’s correlation in both males and females. The P50 (median) thyroid volumes of school children investigated in this study were generally larger compared to the WHO/ICCIDD reference data by age and body surface area. The median value of urinary iodine concentration was 201.85 μg/L, which showed significant sex difference (P value <0.0001). Excessive iodine nutrition (≥300 μg/L) was observed among 34.4% of male children and 27.6% of female children. Also, 12.8% of the male and 19.5% of the female children had UIC below requirement (<100 μg/L). The criteria of thyroid volume per age yielded a goitre prevalence of 2.2%. In contrast, the criteria of thyroid volume by body surface area yielded a goitre prevalence of 0.9%. Conclusion. The study clearly indicated that adequate iodine nutrition exists generally among the school children. However, insufficient and excessive iodine intakes still persist among some of the children. The establishment of local reference values for thyroid volume that might be applicable to precisely define goitre prevalence in the Ghanaian context is highly recommended.

scholarly journals Determination of Thyroid Volume by Ultrasonography among Schoolchildren in Philippines

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bu Kyung Kim ◽  
Young Sik Choi ◽  
Chul Ho Oak ◽  
Yo-Han Park ◽  
Jae Hyun Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Reference Data ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Logistic Issue ◽  
Reported Data

Objective. Iodine deficiency is defined by the goiter and the urinary iodine concentration. However, a lack of local thyroid volume reference data resulted in the vague definition of goiter, especially in school-aged children. The aim of this paper was to determine the thyroid volumes by ultrasonography in schoolchildren aged 6 to 12 years living in Cagayan areas in Philippine.Methods. Cross-sectional thyroid ultrasonographic data of 158 schoolchildren aged 6–12 years from Tuguegarao and Lagum in Cagayan valley, Philippine were used. Thyroid volumes were compared based on logistic issue and urban and rural area and compared with other previously reported data.Results. The mean values of thyroid volume in Tuguerago and Lagum were2.99±1.34 mL and2.42±0.92 mL. The thyroid size was significantly in association with age (P<0.00), weight (P<0.00), height (P<0.00), and BSA (P<0.00) by Pearson’s correlation. The median thyroid volumes of schoolchildren investigated in this study were generally low compared to international reference data by age group but not by BSA.Conclusions. We propose for the first time local reference ultrasound values for thyroid volumes in 6–12 aged schoolchildren that should be used for monitoring iodine deficiency disorders.

scholarly journals Excessive iodine intake, water chemicals and endemic goitre in a Sudanese coastal area

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. 1586-1592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdel Monim MH Medani ◽  
Abdelsalam A Elnour ◽  
Amal M Saeed
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Mountainous Area ◽  
Endemic Goitre ◽  
Coastal City

AbstractObjectiveTo study the associations between intakes of iodine and water chemicals and the thyroid gland status of schoolchildren living in the coastal city of Port Sudan.DesignIn our previous nationwide study on goitre, it was observed that the prevalence of goitre was high in Port Sudan city despite high urinary iodine excretion. A cross-sectional study including schoolchildren aged 6–12 years was designed. Measurements determined the prevalence of goitre, urinary iodine concentration and thiocyanate secretion in casual urine samples, serum levels of thyroxine, triiodothyronine, thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroglobulin, as well as the levels of Cl–, F–, Ca2+, Mg2+and total hardness of drinking water.SubjectsSchoolchildren (n654) aged 6–12 years.SettingPort Sudan city is located at the western bank of the Red Sea. The city is surrounded by a mountainous area known as the Red Sea Hills. It is the main sea port in the Sudan, inhabited by ethnically and socio-economically heterogeneous populations.ResultsThe prevalence of goitre in Port Sudan was 34·86 % while the median urinary iodine concentration was 46·4 μg/dl. Out of thirty-one pupils from Port Sudan, twenty-four (77·42 %) were found to have urinary iodine concentration greater than 30 μg/dl and twelve (38·71 %) had different degrees of biochemical hypothyroidism. Excessive concentrations of Cl–, Ca2+, Mg2+and water hardness (369·2, 116·48, 60·21 and 539·0 mg/l, respectively) were detected in drinking water samples collected from Port Sudan that exceeded levels permitted by the WHO.ConclusionsThe coastal city of Port Sudan is a goitre-endemic area. In contrast to other Sudanese cities in which endemic goitre is related to iodine deficiency, goitre in Port Sudan is associated with iodine excess. Water chemicals seemed to have no effects on thyroid status.

Relationship between water iodine and children’s goiters

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Shuli An ◽  
Lijun Fan ◽  
Ming Li ◽  
Zhengyuan Wang ◽  
Shoujun Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Generalized Additive Model ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Additive Model ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
High Water ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Excessive Iodine ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Excessive iodine can lead to goiters. However, the relationship between the water iodine concentration (WIC) and goiter rate (GR) is unclear. This study aims to explore the factors that influence children’s GR in areas with high WIC and analyse the threshold value of the GR increase associated with the WIC. According to the monitoring of the areas with high WIC in China in 2018–2020, a total of 54,050 children in eight high water iodine provinces were chosen. Drinking water, urine and edible salt samples of children were collected. The thyroid volume (Tvol) was measured. A generalized additive model (GAM) was used to analyse the relationship between the WIC and GR in children. Among the 54,050 children in areas with high WIC, the overall GR was 3.34%, the median of water iodine concentration (MWIC) was 127.0 µg/L, the median of urinary iodine concentration (MUIC) was 318 µg/L, and the noniodized salt coverage rate (NISCR) was 63.51%. According to the GAM analysis results, water iodine and urinary iodine are factors that influence the Tvol and GR, while the NISCR affects only the GR. When the WIC was more than 420 µg/L or the urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was more than 800 µg/L, the GR increased rapidly. When the NISCR reached more than 85%, the GR was the lowest. Thus, in areas with high WIC, WIC more than 420µg/L may increase the risk of goiter, and the NISCR should be increased to over 85% to avoid goiters in children.

scholarly journals The Reliability of Iodine Concentration in Diaper-Retrieved Infant Urine Using Urine Collection Pads, and in Their Mothers’ Breastmilk

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 295
Author(s):  
Kjersti Sletten Bakken ◽  
Ingvild Oma ◽  
Synne Groufh-Jacobsen ◽  
Beate Stokke Solvik ◽  
Lise Mette Mosand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Public Healthcare ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Cross Sectional

Mild to moderate iodine deficiency is common among women of childbearing age. Data on iodine status in infants are sparse, partly due to the challenges in collecting urine. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) is considered a good marker for recent dietary iodine intake and status in populations. The aim of this study was to investigate the reliability of iodine concentration measured in two spot-samples from the same day of diaper-retrieved infant urine and in their mothers’ breastmilk. We collected urine and breastmilk from a sample of 27 infants and 25 mothers participating in a cross-sectional study at two public healthcare clinics in Norway. The reliability of iodine concentration was assessed by calculating the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and the coefficient of variation (CV). The ICC for infants’ urine was 0.64 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.36–0.82), while the ICC for breastmilk was 0.83 (95% CI 0.65–0.92) Similarly, the intraindividual CV for UIC was 0.25 and 0.14 for breastmilk iodine concentration (BIC). Compared to standard methods of collecting urine for measuring iodine concentration, the diaper-pad collection method does not substantially affect the reliability of the measurements.

scholarly journals Urinary Iodine Concentration in a Cohort of Adult Outpatients with Thyroid Diseases in Liguria 14 Years after the Law on Salt Iodization

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Conte ◽  
Comina ◽  
Monti ◽  
Sidoti ◽  
Vannozzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Records ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Thyroid Diseases ◽  
Outpatient Clinics ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Clinical Records ◽  
Iodine Sufficiency

Italy is considered a mildly iodine-deficient country. The aim of this study was to evaluate the iodine status of a cohort of adults living in Liguria after the 2005 salt iodization program. We searched all medical records of patients examined in two endocrine outpatient clinics in Genoa and Savona for data on urinary iodine. Subjects were under evaluation for thyroid diseases. Information on the type of salt used was found in few clinical records. Iodized salt use was reported in 29%, 20%, and 13% of records of people living in Genoa districts, the Savona district and nearby districts, respectively. The average urinary iodine concentration was 112.9 ± 62.3 µg/L (n = 415, median 101.0 µg/L). Non-significant differences (P > 0.05) were found between subjects with (median 103.5 µg/L) and without (median 97.5 µg/L) a thyroid gland, between the periods 2009–2013 (median 105.0 µg/L) and 2014–2018 (median 97.5 µg/L), and between Genoa (median 94.0 µg/L), Savona (median 105.0 µg/L) and the other districts (median 114.5 µg/L). No correlation with age, body mass index, creatinine, free thyroxine, thyroglobulin, levo-thyroxine dosage, or thyroid volume was observed. These data suggest a borderline status of iodine sufficiency in this cohort.

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