scholarly journals Assessment of the iodine nutritional status among Chinese school-aged children

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 379-386
Author(s):  
Ning Yao ◽  
Chunbei Zhou ◽  
Jun Xie ◽  
Xinshu Li ◽  
Qianru Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Goiter Prevalence

Objective The remarkable success of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) elimination in China has been achieved through a mandatory universal salt iodization (USI) program. The study aims to estimate the relationship between urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and iodine content in edible salt to assess the current iodine nutritional status of school aged children. Methods A total of 5565 students from 26 of 39 districts/counties in Chongqing participated in the study, UIC and iodine content in table salt were measured. Thyroid volumes of 3311 students were examined by ultrasound and goiter prevalence was calculated. Results The overall median UIC of students was 222 μg/L (IQR: 150-313 μg/L). Median UIC was significantly different among groups with non-iodized salt (iodine content <5 mg/kg), inadequately iodized salt (between 5 and 21 mg/kg), adequately iodized (between 21 and 39 mg/kg) and excessively iodized (>39 mg/kg) salt (P < 0.01). The total goiter rate was 1.9% (60/3111) and 6.0% (186/3111) according to Chinese national and WHO reference values, respectively. Thyroid volume and goiter prevalence were not different within the three iodine nutritional status groups (insufficient, adequate and excessive, P > 0.05). Conclusions The efficient implementation of current USI program is able to reduce the goiter prevalence in Chongqing as a low incidence of goiter in school aged children is observed in this study. The widened UIC range of 100–299 μg/L indicating sufficient iodine intake is considered safe with a slim chance of causing goiter or thyroid dysfunction. Further researches were needed to evaluate the applicability of WHO reference in goiter diagnose in Chongqing or identifying more accurate criteria of normal thyroid volume of local students in the future.

scholarly journals Changing Dietary Habits in Veneto Region over Two Decades: Still a Long Road to Go to Reach an Iodine-Sufficient Status

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simona Censi ◽  
Jacopo Manso ◽  
Susi Barollo ◽  
Alberto Mondin ◽  
Loris Bertazza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Milk Product ◽  
Veneto Region ◽  
School Students ◽  
Iodine Status

Background: Fifteen years after a nationwide voluntary iodine prophylaxis program was introduced, the aims of the present study were: (a) to obtain an up-to-date assessment of dietary iodine intake in the Veneto region, Italy; and (b) to assess dietary and socioeconomic factors that might influence iodine status. Methods: Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was obtained in 747 school students (median age 13 years; range: 11–16 years). Results: The median UIC was 111 μg/L, with 56% of samples ≥ 100 μg/L, but 26% were < 50 μg/L, more frequently females. Iodized salt was used by 82% of the students. The median UIC was higher among users of iodized salt than among non-users, 117.0 ug/L versus 90 ug/L (p = 0.01). The median UIC was higher in regular consumers of cow’s milk than in occasional consumers, 132.0 μg/L versus 96.0 μg/L (p < 0.01). A regular intake of milk and/or the use of iodized salt sufficed to reach an adequate median UIC, although satisfying only with the combined use. A trend towards higher UIC values emerged in regular consumers of cheese and yogurt. Conclusion: Iodine status has improved (median UIC 111.0 μg/L), but it is still not adequate as 26% had a UIC < 50 μg/L in the resident population of the Veneto region. A more widespread use of iodized salt but also milk and milk product consumption may have been one of the key factors in achieving this partial improvement.

scholarly journals Indicators of Iodine Status in Pregnancy and Postpartum in a Group of Pregnant Women from Perimarine Area of Romania

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-69
Author(s):  
Scrinic Olesea ◽  
Delia Corina Elena ◽  
Toma Geanina Mirela ◽  
Circo Eduard
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Urinary Creatinine ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
In Pregnancy

Abstract Objective: Assessment of iodine nutritional status in pregnant women in the perimarine area of Romania, a region without iodine deficiency. Adequate iodine intake is the main source for normal thyroid function, ensuring the need for maternal thyroid hormones during pregnancy, but also for the development and growth of children in the fetal and postpartum period. Material and method: Prospective study performed on 74 pregnant women in the first 2 trimesters of pregnancy, originating from the perimarin area. The following indicators of iodine status were analyzed: urinary iodine concentration (UIC), the ratio between urinary iodine concentration and urinary creatinine (UIC/UCr), the prevalence of maternal goiter and the value of neonatal TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone). Results: The mean gestational age was 11 weeks. The ways of iodine intake are: iodized salt - 59.4%, iodized salt and iodine supplements- 23%, only iodine supplements -10.8% and 6.8% consume only non-iodized salt. The median of UIC was 133.03 mcg/l considered insufficient iodine intake (normal in pregnancy UIC >150 mcg/l), but the adjustment of UIC to urinary creatinine reveals a median of 152.83 mcg/g, a value that reflects an adequate iodine intake. The prevalence of goiter was 25.6% characteristic for a moderate iodine deficiency. The prevalence of neonatal TSH >5 mIU/L was registered in 18.8% characteristic of mild iodine deficiency. Conclusions: Monitoring of the iodine nutritional status is recommended for the prevention of disorders due to iodine deficiency under the conditions of universal salt iodization. Perimarine areas considered sufficient in iodine may show variations in iodine status in subpopulations under certain physiological conditions, such as pregnancy. An indicator of iodine status of the population is UIC, but the UIC/UCr ratio may be a more optimal indicator for pregnant women, to avoid possible overestimated results of iodine deficiency in pregnancy.

Abstract P359: Assessment of Household Salt Types, Iodine Intake, and Iodine Status in 2019-2020 NHANES

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 141 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abby G Ershow ◽  
Jaime Gahche ◽  
Nancy Potischman ◽  
Judith Spungen ◽  
Pamela Pehrsson
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Dietary Supplements ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
The U.S

Background: Iodine is an essential nutrient required for normal thyroid function in all age groups as well as healthy fetal, infant, and child development and growth. Because iodine levels in most foods are low, iodine usually must be provided through dietary supplements or fortified foods (such as salt). In recent NHANES cycles, sub-optimal iodine status has been observed in some U.S. populations, most notably pregnant women. Recent health campaigns have emphasized consuming less sodium and have focused on the primary source of the excess sodium in the U.S. diet: commercially prepared foods, most of which are made with non-iodized salt. Also, recent secular trends towards less home cooking and more use of non-iodized table salts may be contributing to relatively low usage of iodized salt, which was estimated in 2014 to comprise only half of retail salt sales. Therefore, for individuals who also limit their home use of salt in food preparation or at the table, an unintended consequence may be a decline in iodine intake. Population-level data thus are needed on the relative contributions of various foods to iodine intake in relation to iodine status markers, to characterize population groups at risk and develop guidance on appropriate dietary and supplementation strategies. Objective: Describe new measures of iodine intake and iodine status added into NHANES 2019-20, which is a nationally representative survey of the U.S. population. Methods: Iodine intake is being assessed through a questionnaire about household salt types (such as iodized salt or sea salt) and measured iodine content of household iodized salt, as well as individual 24-hour dietary recalls and use of iodine containing dietary supplements. This will be the first time NHANES will estimate dietary iodine intake using a newly developed USDA Special Interest Database on Iodine Content of Foods. Biomarkers include a thyroid panel (including thyroglobulin), inhibitors of iodine uptake in the thyroid (e.g., perchlorates), and urinary iodine concentration. Conclusions: The upcoming NHANES cycle will yield novel data on U.S. population coverage of household iodized salt, as well as individual thyroid and iodine status in relation to dietary iodine intake. Groups at risk from increased physiologic need or dietary preferences that limit iodine sources will be identified. A key tool in undertaking this work will be a new food composition database on the iodine content of U.S. foods. Clarification of key sources of iodine in the U.S. diet will be important in developing dietary guidance.

scholarly journals Iodine Status and Thyroid Function in a Group of Seaweed Consumers in Norway

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3483
Author(s):  
Inger Aakre ◽  
Lidunn Tveito Evensen ◽  
Marian Kjellevold ◽  
Lisbeth Dahl ◽  
Sigrun Henjum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Free Triiodothyronine ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Excessive Iodine

Seaweeds, or macroalgae, may be a good dietary iodine source but also a source of excessive iodine intake. The main aim in this study was to describe the iodine status and thyroid function in a group of macroalgae consumers. Two urine samples were collected from each participant (n = 44) to measure urinary iodine concentration (UIC) after habitual consumption of seaweed. Serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (fT4), free triiodothyronine (fT3), and peroxidase autoantibody (TPOAb), were measured in a subgroup (n = 19). A food frequency questionnaire and an iodine-specific 24 h recall were used to assess iodine intake and macroalgae consumption. The median (p25–p75) UIC was 1200 (370–2850) μg/L. Median (p25–p75) estimated dietary iodine intake, excluding macroalgae, was 110 (78–680) μg/day, indicating that seaweed was the major contributor to the iodine intake. TSH levels were within the reference values, but higher than in other comparable population groups. One third of the participants used seaweeds daily, and sugar kelp, winged kelp, dulse and laver were the most common species. Labelling of iodine content was lacking for a large share of the products consumed. This study found excessive iodine status in macroalgae consumers after intake of dietary seaweeds. Including macroalgae in the diet may give excessive iodine exposure, and consumers should be made aware of the risk associated with inclusion of macroalgae in their diet.

scholarly journals Iodine nutrition in pregnancy and lactation in Iran

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (12A) ◽  
pp. 1596-1599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fereidoun Azizi
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation

AbstractObjective: To describe studies evaluating urinary iodine excretion during pregnancy and lactation in women living in cities with adequate or more than adequate iodine intake.Design: Cross-sectional study conducted between 1996 and 1998 in pregnant women and a study of lactating women conducted in 2003.Settings and Subjects: Pregnant women attending prenatal clinics in four cities in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Urinary iodine excretion and thyroid volume was measured in 403 women. In a second study, 100 lactating women from Taleghani Hospital in Gorgan, Iran were evaluated for thyroid size, and both urinary and breast milk iodine concentrations were determined.Results: In Rasht city, 84% of pregnant women had a urinary iodine concentration of ≥ 200 μg l-1, while in the other cities this percentage ranged from 45 to 55%. When data were combined for the cities of Ilam, Isfahan and Tehran, where women have an adequate or more than adequate median urinary iodine concentration, 51% of pregnant women had a urinary iodine concentration less than that recommended during pregnancy. In Rasht, where the median urinary iodine concentration indicates an excessive iodine intake, 15.4% of pregnant women had a urinary iodine concentration < 200 μg l-1. The mean urinary iodine concentration in lactating women was 250 μg l-1, and 16% of women had a urinary iodine concentration < 100 μg l-1. Grade 1 goitre was present in 8% of lactating women, and another 8% had grade 2 goitre.Conclusions: Findings of this study call for further attention to iodine intake during pregnancy and lactation. The currently recommended intake of iodine through universal salt iodisation may not be adequate for pregnant and lactating women, and supplementation during pregnancy and lactation should be further considered in light of the latest recommendations.

scholarly journals Iodine Nutritional Status and Thyroid volume of School-Aged Children in Wuhan, central of China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang Chen ◽  
Kai Wu ◽  
Yan Yang ◽  
Mingxing Xu
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Multivariate Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
School Aged Children

Abstract Background/Aims: Iodine deficiency is a public health problem over the world. China has achieved the iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) elimination goal through a mandatory universal salt iodization (USI) program. The aim of this study is to assess the current iodine nutritional status and thyroid volume of school-aged children in Wuhan, central of China. Methods The cross-sectional study was conducted among 8–10 years old children from 5 districts in Wuhan. A total of 1000 students were investigated. Salt iodine concentrations, urine iodine concentrations were determined using the standardized methods recommended by WHO/ICCIDD. An ultrasonography of thyroid and anthropometric measurements were performed in all subjects. Results The median urinary iodine concentration(MUI) of students was 247.50 µg/L with interquartile range of 147.00 to 384.00 µg/L. Two districts were classified as regions with adequate iodine nutrition, two districts as regions above the requirement, and one district as a region excessive according to the MUI. The prevalence of goiter was 3.0% and 7.8% according to Chinese national and WHO reference values, respectively, and the difference was not observed among different iodine nutrition groups(P༞0.05). The median thyroid volume(Tvol) of all students was 2.56 ml and the P97 of thyroid volume of both male and female in our study was generally higher than that reported by WHO/ICCIDD in 2007 as a function of age and BSA. The Tvol was in significant association with age, height, weight and BSA by Spearman’s correlation analysis(P < 0.001),and the result of multivariate linear regression analysis showed that only BSA were found to have a significant effect on thyroid volume after log conversion (t = 13.437, P < 0.001). Conclusion The present study indicated that the iodine nutrition among school-aged children in Wuhan was generally adequate with a relatively low goiter rate, while some of them have excess iodine nutrition. Thyroid volume in our study was higher than the reference of WHO and showed a significant correlation with BSA. So further researches were needed to evaluate the thyroid function in children with iodine excessive and the applicability of WHO reference in goiter diagnose. It was also highly recommended to establish the local reference values for thyroid volume that might be applicable to precisely define goiter prevalence in Wuhan.

scholarly journals Iodine nutrition in elementary state schools of Queretaro, Mexico: correlations between urinary iodine concentration with global nutrition status and social gap index

2013 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 473-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo García-Solís ◽  
Juan Carlos Solís-S ◽  
Ana Cristina García-Gaytán ◽  
Vanessa A. Reyes-Mendoza ◽  
Ludivina Robles-Osorio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Nutrition Status ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Elementary State ◽  
State Schools ◽  
Global Nutrition

OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: To estimate median urinary iodine concentration (UIC), and to correlate it with global nutrition indicators and social gap index (SGI) in 50 elementary state schools from 10 municipalities in the State of Queretaro, Mexico. RESULTS: 1,544 students were enrolled and an above of requirements of iodine intake was found (median UIC of 297 µg/L). Iodine status was found as deficient, adequate, more than adequate and excessive in 2, 4, 19 and 25 schools, respectively. Seventy seven percent of table salt samples showed adequate iodine content (20-40 ppm), while 9.6% of the samples had low iodine content (< 15 ppm). Medians of UIC per school were positively correlated with medians of body mass index (BMI) by using the standard deviation score (SDS) (r = 0.47; p < 0.005), height SDS (r = 0.41; p < 0.05), and overweight and obesity prevalence (r = 0.41; p < 0.05). Medians of UIC per school were negatively correlated with stunting prevalence (r = -0.39; p = 005) and social gap index (r = -0.36; p < 0.05). Best multiple regression models showed that BMI SDS and height were significantly related with UIC (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: There is coexistence between the two extremes of iodine intake (insufficient and excessive). To our knowledge, the observed positive correlation between UIC and overweight and obesity has not been described before, and could be explained by the availability and consumption of snack food rich in energy and iodized salt.

scholarly journals Goitre Prevalence and Urinary Iodine Concentration in School-Aged Children in the Ashanti Region of Ghana

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Gyamfi ◽  
Yaw Amo Wiafe ◽  
Enoch Ofori Awuah ◽  
Evans Asamoah Adu ◽  
Emmanuel Kodie Boadi
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
Ashanti Region ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Excessive Iodine ◽  
Female Children ◽  
Goitre Prevalence

Background. Iodine deficiency is a public health problem. The universal salt iodization (USI) program is the main, simple, and cost-effective intervention strategy to control iodine deficiency. The study examined the iodine status in school-aged children in Ashanti region, Ghana, using thyroid volumes along with urinary iodine concentrations, the methods recommended by the WHO/ICCIDD for monitoring the sustained impact of USI programs. Methods. This cross-sectional study was conducted among school-aged children (6–12 years) from randomly selected schools in the central and northern part of the Ashanti region, Kumasi Metropolis, and Ejura-Sekyedumase Municipality, respectively. A total of 852 children were enrolled in the study. Thyroid volume and urinary iodine concentrations of the children were determined using the standardized methods recommended by WHO/ICCIDD. Anthropometric measurements were also evaluated. Results. The mean values of thyroid volume in female and male school-aged children were 3.53 ± 0.09 and 3.32 ± 0.07, respectively. The thyroid size was significantly associated with age (P<0.0001), weight (P<0.0001), height (P<0.0001), BMI (P<0.05), and BSA (P<0.0001) by Pearson’s correlation in both males and females. The P50 (median) thyroid volumes of school children investigated in this study were generally larger compared to the WHO/ICCIDD reference data by age and body surface area. The median value of urinary iodine concentration was 201.85 μg/L, which showed significant sex difference (P value <0.0001). Excessive iodine nutrition (≥300 μg/L) was observed among 34.4% of male children and 27.6% of female children. Also, 12.8% of the male and 19.5% of the female children had UIC below requirement (<100 μg/L). The criteria of thyroid volume per age yielded a goitre prevalence of 2.2%. In contrast, the criteria of thyroid volume by body surface area yielded a goitre prevalence of 0.9%. Conclusion. The study clearly indicated that adequate iodine nutrition exists generally among the school children. However, insufficient and excessive iodine intakes still persist among some of the children. The establishment of local reference values for thyroid volume that might be applicable to precisely define goitre prevalence in the Ghanaian context is highly recommended.

scholarly journals Reflection of Dietary Iodine in the 24 h Urinary Iodine Concentration, Serum Iodine and Thyroglobulin as Biomarkers of Iodine Status: A Pilot Study

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 2520
Author(s):  
Katelyn Hlucny ◽  
Brenda M. Alexander ◽  
Ken Gerow ◽  
D. Enette Larson-Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Food Frequency ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
The Us ◽  
Daily Allowance ◽  
Specific Food

Background: The iodine status of the US population is considered adequate, but subpopulations remain at risk for iodine deficiency and a biomarker of individual iodine status has yet to be determined. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a 3 day titration diet, providing known quantities of iodized salt, is reflected in 24 h urinary iodine concentration (UIC), serum iodine, and thyroglobulin (Tg). Methods: A total of 10 participants (31.3 ± 4.0 years, 76.1 ± 6.3 kg) completed three, 3 day iodine titration diets (minimal iodine, US RDA, (United States Recommended Daily Allowance), and 3× RDA). The 24 h UIC, serum iodine, and Tg were measured following each diet. The 24 h UIC and an iodine-specific food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) were completed at baseline. Results: UIC increased an average of 19.3 μg/L for every gram of iodized salt consumed and was different from minimal to RDA (p = 0.001) and RDA to 3× RDA diets (p = 0.04). Serum iodine was different from RDA to 3× RDA (p = 0.006) whereas Tg was not responsive to diet. Baseline UIC was associated with iodine intake from milk (r = 0.688, p = 0.028) and fish/seafood (r = 0.646, p = 0.043). Conclusion: These results suggest that 24 h UIC and serum iodine may be reflective of individual iodine status and may serve as biomarkers of iodine status.

scholarly journals Iodine Deficiency and Goiter Prevalence of the Adult Population in Erzurum

2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ersin Akarsu ◽  
Güngör Akçay ◽  
Ilyas Çapoğlu ◽  
Necdet Ünüvar
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
National Level ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Etiologic Factor ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Goiter Prevalence

It is believed that total goiter prevalence in Turkey is as high as 30.5%. The iodine deficiency is the distinct etiologic factor in the development of goiter. The aim of this study was to determine goiter prevalence and iodine deficiency in adults living in Erzurum (1659 m above sea level) for at least 10 year. The study involved 340 people (192 females, 148 males). The median age was 38.5 year (ranging from 20 to 76 years). Ultrasound-measured thyroid volume (TV) for men (TV > 25 ml) and for women (TV > 18 ml) was considered goiter indicator. By this evaluation, goiter was diagnosed in 94 (27.6 %) cases, whereas the goiter prevalence, based on the palpation method, was 5.6%. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was measured by ammonium persulfate method. UIC in subjects with goiter was significantly lower than that of the others (median values 5.0 vs 7.8 μg/dl, p < 0.0001). While the value of UIC ≥ 10 μg/dl (no. 121, 36.6%) was accepted normal, the extent of iodine deficiency in other subjects was classified as severe (UIC < 2.0 μg/dl, no.53, 15.6%), moderate (UIC = 2.0–4.9 μg/dl, no.75, 22%) and mild (UIC = 5.0–9.9 μg/dl, no.91, 26.8%). TV values were found to be significantly different among the four groups (p < 0.05). TV values were significantly correlated with body surface area and UIC (r = 0.15 and r = -0.16, respectively, p < 0.005). Also, the prevalence of thyroid nodules was estimated as 2.1% by palpation and 18% by ultrasonography. We conclude that goiter originating from iodine deficiency has been an important health problem in Erzurum. Besides taking measures at national level, local factors and risks which interfere with the nationwide efforts should also be dealt with for the eradication of the iodine deficiency problem. In the region, periodical evaluation of iodine level and iodine related disorders will guide the measures to be taken for the well being of people’s general health.

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