scholarly journals The First Workers of the Ant Camponotus obscuripes Are a Different Allometric Morph with Relatively Long Antennae to Communicate with Other Larger Colony Members

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Saori Watanabe ◽  
Mamoru Terayama ◽  
Ryota Kawauchiya ◽  
Natsuki Ogusu ◽  
Yusuke Fujita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Second Generation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Size Difference ◽  
Length Difference ◽  
Absolute Length ◽  
Claustral Founding ◽  
Mature Colony

The first workers produced by an ant queen with a claustral founding mode are much smaller than the workers after the second generation and are thus called “nanitics.” These nanitics shoulder the initial fate of the colony and thus may be different morphometric morph from the other workers in mature colony to optimize the survival of their own colony. We report here that, in the ant Camponotus obscuripes Mayr, the allometric rules of the nanitics are different from those of other workers in mature colonies, suggesting that the nanitics constitute an independent caste as with soldiers or queens in other species. In addition, the antennae of the nanitics show the minimum absolute length-difference with the mother queen compared to the other traits measured. This result suggests that this small size difference enables C. obscuripes nanitics to communicate with the other members of the colony. Our results indicate that polymorphic societies affect the growth rules of workers.

British Invasion

2021 ◽  
pp. 107-136
Author(s):  
James C. Nicholson
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
The Other ◽  
Newspaper Coverage ◽  
Woodrow Wilson ◽  
Industrial Town ◽  
The World ◽  
Jockey Club

Chapter Five discusses the origins of the International Race and the British contestants' transatlantic voyage to America. August Belmont II, chairman of the powerful Jockey Club in New York, convinced Benjamin Irish, the farmer and caterer of relatively modest means who owned Epsom Derby winner Papyrus, to agree to a match race against a to-be-determined American horse. Kentucky Derby champion Zev was the likeliest choice. Admiral Cary T. Grayson, friend and physician to former president Woodrow Wilson, owned the other leading American candidate, My Own. But Hildreth and Sinclair manipulated the selection process. Newspaper coverage of the procedural gamesmanship helped to hype the event. Sportswriters' profiles of the men associated with the English horse -- including jockey Steve Donoghue, who had risen from a rough industrial town to become the most famous rider in the world, and a modest second-generation Newmarket trainer named Basil Jarvis -- spread the ballyhoo nationwide.

Unequal sex ratios in longline catches

2001 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Wirtz ◽  
T. Morato
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Sex Ratios ◽  
The Other ◽  
Size Difference ◽  
Longline Fishery ◽  
Significant Bias ◽  
Different Response ◽  
The Given

There is sometimes a significant bias in the sex ratio of fish caught by longline. Usually, more females than males are caught. The possible reasons for unequal sex ratios in longline catches are listed and discussed. One sex could be more common in the area where the fishery takes place because there really is an unequal sex ratio in the population or because the other sex preferentially occurs in different places. Alternatively, longline fishery might preferentially catch one of the sexes. This could be a result of size difference between the sexes and thus a different response to the given hook size or bait size. Finally, sexes could differ in their feeding behaviour. There is growing evidence that females—not only of fish—are ‘energy maximizers’: they find food faster and spend more time feeding than do males. Thus, fishing methods using bait are likely to catch a higher proportion of females than fishing methods that do not use bait.

scholarly journals Pyranoanthocyanin Derived Pigments in Wine: Structure and Formation during Winemaking

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Marquez ◽  
María P. Serratosa ◽  
Julieta Merida
Keyword(s):  
Pyruvic Acid ◽  
Formation Process ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Type A ◽  
Enol Form ◽  
Hydroxycinnamic Acids ◽  
The Other ◽  
Yeast Fermentation ◽  
Type B ◽  
Initial Compound

In recent years many studies have been carried out on new pigments derived from anthocyanins that appear in wine during processing and aging. This paper aims to summarize the latest research on these compounds, focusing on the structure and the formation process. The main pyranoanthocyanins are formed from the reaction between the anthocyanins and some metabolites released during the yeast fermentation: carboxypyranoanthocyanins or type A vitisins, formed upon the reaction between the enol form of the pyruvic acid and the anthocyanins; type B vitisins, formed by the cycloaddition of an acetaldehyde molecule on an anthocyanin; methylpyranoanthocyanins, resulted from the reaction between acetone and anthocyanins; pinotins resulted from the covalent reaction between the hydroxycinnamic acids and anthocyanins; and finally flavanyl-pyranoanthocyanins. On the other hand, the second generation of compounds has also been reviewed, where the initial compound is a pyranoanthocyanin. This family includes oxovitisins, vinylpyranoanthocyanins, pyranoanthocyanins linked through a butadienylidene bridge, and pyranoanthocyanin dimers.

Language maintenance in the second generation

1992 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Jane Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Positive Attitude ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Language Maintenance ◽  
Census Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
English Only ◽  
Frequency Of Use ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Maintenance Activities

Abstract The article discusses the attitude of the second generation Dutch in Australia to language maintenance. It gives a profile of the group’s language maintenance activities, and examines factors related to language maintenance attitudes and the use of Dutch. The research involved detailed personal interviews with 100 members of the target group. Some of the information collected was evaluated quantitatively using computer-aided statistical analysis; other responses were analysed primarily in qualitative terms. The results revealed a more positive attitude to language maintenance and greater frequency of use of Dutch than might have been expected on the basis of the (limited) previous research on the second generation or the national census data. On the other hand, there was relatively little participation in activities with the potential to influence the use of Dutch: visits to the Netherlands, association with Dutch organizations, and attendance at Dutch classes. Overall the research provided no evidence of a continuing decline in frequency of use of Dutch to the point of a complete shift to English only. It was also clear that many informants valued their current use of Dutch.

The role of style in the ethnolect: Style-shifting in the use of ethnolectal features in first- and second-generation speakers

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 861-880 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ksenia Gnevsheva
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Style Shifting ◽  
Australian English ◽  
First And Second Generation

Aims and Objectives/Purpose/Research Questions: The paper aimed to investigate style-shifting in the use of ethnolectal features in first- and second- generation bilingual migrants. Design/Methodology/Approach: Three groups of speakers (first- and second-generation Russian–English bilinguals as well as monolingual Anglo Australians) were audio-recorded in three different styles (conversation, interview, and reading). Data and Analysis: Their production of the goose and trap vowels across the styles was analyzed quantitatively. Findings/Conclusions: Overall differences were found between the groups such that first- and second-generation speakers produced more Russian-like vowels compared to the monolinguals; with the biggest differences between the first-generation speakers and the other two groups. In terms of style-shifting, no significant differences were found in the monolingual speakers, and both first- and second-generation speakers were found to produce most Australian English-like vowels in the conversation style. At the same time, certain differences between the two bilingual groups surfaced, such as no significant differences in the first-generation speakers’ production of the goose vowel and in the vowels’ linguistic conditioning. Originality: Previous studies have compared ethnolects in the first- and second-generations of migrants and mainstream varieties in order to theorize ethnolect formation. Several studies have also investigated intraspeaker style-shifting between more ‘mainstream’ and more ‘ethnic’ in ethnolect speakers, but such style-shifting is rarely compared across generations. Significance/Implications: The similarities and differences between the two bilingual groups suggest that ethnolectal features may be originally derived from the community language but may be reallocated to other sociolinguistic meanings in the second generation.

N+3 and N+4 Generation Aeropropulsion Engine Combustors: Part 2 — Medium Size Rich-Dome Engines and Lean-Domes

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hukam C. Mongia
Keyword(s):  
Second Generation ◽  
Comprehensive Assessment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Fuel Burn ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Funding Support

Comprehensive assessment of the medium size rich-dome engines was conducted leading to the following emissions correlations: (1) LTO NOx = 1.129 × OPR 1.0899 with R 2 = 0.9248 Takeoff NOxEI given by (2) NOxEI = 0.0729 × OPR 1.7197 with R 2 = 0.9603 COEI idle = 396.42 NOxEI Takeoff 0.814 These correlations may be compared with the following for the CFM56 Tech Insertion: Takeoff NOxEI CFM_TI = 0.0744 × OPR 1.7151 Idle COEI CFM_TI = 396.42 Takeoff NOxEI 0.814 Idle HCEI CFM_TI = 0.1609 × Idle COEI - 3.1959 TALON II takeoff NOxEI data are reproduced well by: NOxEI TALON II = 0.0167 × OPR 2.1403 TALON II gives 10% lower NOx at 26 OPR and its NOx is comparable with the CFM_TI at 34 OPR. The CFM DAC technology is competitive with LEC’s for the low rated thrust engines. However, interaction between the two domes leads to early quenching with resultant higher idle COEI plateau. On the other hand, the 40 OPR lean DAC gave 25% higher NOx than LEC. Moreover, lean DAC (Gen-1) impacted fuel burn adversely making its likelihood to continue as product discouraging. The second generation lean dome technology initially kicked off under NASA sponsorship with significantly larger funding support from the CFMI and GE Aviation (GEA) led to successful introduction of TAPS into products (GEnx-1B and Gen-2B) with potential applications in other future GEA engines.

Evidence for sexual reproduction in the red algae Palmaria palmata and Halosaccion ramentaceum

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (21) ◽  
pp. 2452-2459 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. van der Meer ◽  
L. C-M. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Red Algae ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Nuclear Division ◽  
The Other ◽  
Palmaria Palmata

Plants believed to be female gametophytes of Palmaria palmata and Halosaccion ramentaceum have been discovered in culture. Tetraspores of diploid tetrasporophytes gave rise to two types of haploid sporelings, one of which grew much more robustly and was less branched than the other. A 1:1 ratio of the two types was obtained from random spores and a 2:2 segregation occurred within individual meiotic tetrads. The more robust plants proved to be males which matured relatively quickly and produced abundant spermatangia. The smaller plants, those believed to be females, grew much more slowly and eventually formed sporangia. However, these aborted without releasing viable spores. Nuclear division within the sporangia appeared to be a haploid meiosis. Fertile tetrasporic fronds of P. palmata were obtained from gametophytes in culture on one occasion, and these gave rise to a second generation of segregating sporelings. A life history for P. palmata and H. ramentaceum roughly comparable to that of Liagora tetrasporifera is suggested by the results.

Density dependence and numerosity in fright stimulated aggregation behaviour of shoaling fish

1995 ◽  
Vol 350 (1334) ◽  
pp. 381-390 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Predation Risk ◽  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Light Stimulus ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Critical Distance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Size Difference ◽  
Total Risk ◽  
Aggregation Behaviour ◽  
Test Fish

Single three-spined sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus , were frightened with a light stimulus simulating an aerial predator while facing a choice between two conspecific display shoals of different membership sizes. We observed which shoal the test fish approached. Initially, both display shoals were equidistant from the test fish. The smaller shoal was then moved gradually closer whereas the larger shoal stayed at a constant distance. This experiment modelled an early stage of the aggregation behaviour of sticklebacks in response to perceived imminent predation risk. When the two display shoals were equidistant from the test fish, we found that the test animal preferred approaching the larger display shoal, and the magnitude of this preference increased with increasing display shoal size difference. This demonstrates that the aggregation behaviour of frightened sticklebacks is density dependent. Further, we found that sticklebacks made a trade-off between the distance to a display shoal and its membership size. In particular, for a given ratio of display shoal sizes, there was a critical distance at which half of all tested animals turned to one and the other half to the other display shoal. This demonstrates that the observed aggregation behaviour is also distance dependent. We introduce several elementary models which formalize individual predation risk and explore how distance and display shoal size contribute to total risk. In particular, we distinguish between total risk as a product or as a sum of the risk components associated with swimming distance and display shoal size, respectively. All models follow the ‘partial preferences’ paradigm of McNamara & Houston ( Anim. Behav . 35, 1084-1099 (1987)). We compare how closely these models match the observed data and how well they predict the empirical critical distances. We find a consistent discrepancy between theory and data, which we resolve by invoking a fundamental perceptual limit (numerosity) for shoal size discrimination.

Static and fatigue investigation of innovative second-generation steel-free bridge decks

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Klowak ◽  
A Memon ◽  
A A Mufti
Keyword(s):  
Second Generation ◽  
Bridge Deck ◽  
Fatigue Testing ◽  
Fatigue Behavior ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reinforced Polymer ◽  
Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer ◽  
Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer ◽  
Fibre Reinforced Polymer ◽  
Glass Fibre Reinforced

This paper outlines the static and fatigue behavior of cast-in-place, second-generation steel-free bridge decks. Although cast monolithically, the first bridge deck was divided into three segments. The first segment was reinforced with steel, according to conventional design. The other two segments were steel-free designs with internal crack-control grids, one consisting of carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) and the other consisting of glass-fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP). This hybrid CFRP or GFRP and steel strap design is called the second generation of the steel-free concrete bridge deck. The hybrid system limits the width of any longitudinal cracks that develop and eliminates corrosion from within the deck slab. All three segments were tested under cyclic loads of 222 and 588 kN to investigate fatigue behavior. The second bridge deck comprises an internal panel and two cantilevers and also incorporates a complete civionics system. The static tests outlined in this paper are useful in the development of the fatigue theory, which was derived from the fatigue testing of the first bridge deck.Key words: steel-free, cantilever, fatigue testing, static testing, glass-fibre-reinforced polymer, carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer, civionics.

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