scholarly journals Association of Chocolate Spot and Faba Bean Rust Epidemics with Climate Change Resilient Cultural Practices in Bale Highlands, Ethiopia

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gosaye Eshetu ◽  
Yekedem Bimrew ◽  
Hassen Shifa
Keyword(s):  
Faba Bean ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Previous Crop ◽  
Multiple Variable ◽  
Chocolate Spot ◽  
The Mean

Field survey was conducted in south eastern Ethiopia to determine the disease intensity of chocolate spot and rust and to investigate the association of disease intensity (incidence and severity) with environmental factors and crop cultural practices. A total of 280 faba bean fields were surveyed in eight districts, and type of cropping system, weed management practices, crop growth stage, previous crop in the field, and sowing date were recorded. The associations of disease intensity with independent variables were evaluated using logistic regression model. Mean disease incidence of chocolate spot varied from 70.9 to 93.2% in most fields while percentage severity index (PSI) ranged from 10.5 to 47.1%. In a reduced multiple variable model, chocolate PSI ≤ 30% showed high probability of association with mixed cropping system, good weed management practices, late planting, and when faba bean was rotated with vegetables and cereals. The mean disease incidence of faba bean rust was varied from 23.6 to 78.2%, while the mean PSI of rust was varied from 4.8 to 37.9%. In Gasera, Dinsho, and Agarfa districts, poor weed management practices, fields planted in the month of July, and when previous crop was legume had a high probability of association to (>20) rust PSI in a multiple variable reduced model. In contrast, soil types, fertilizer applied, and fungicides sprayed were not associated with disease intensity. The present study has identified cropping system, planting date, previous crop, district, and weed management practices as important variables that influence faba bean chocolate spot and rust epidemics in diversified fields. Therefore, proper weeding management practices, late planting, crop rotation habit, and other related farm practices should be carried out to reduce chocolate spot and rust impact until resistant faba bean genotypes are developed and distributed to the area.

Residual Effect of Weed Management Practices Executed in Preceding Maize on Succeeding Greengram

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Sandhya Rani ◽  
V. Chandrika ◽  
G. Prabhakara Reddy ◽  
P. Sudhakar ◽  
K.V. Nagamadhuri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Microbial Count ◽  
Yield Attributes ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Weed Infestation

Background: Maize followed by summer pulses is the emerging cropping system in many places in India. Herbicides are the efficient tools for checking weed infestation and their usage is increasing throughout the globe due to increased labour cost and quick weed control. Some herbicides do not degrade quickly and may remain in the soil for weeks, months or years after application and may inhibit the growth of succeeding crops. Methods: Field experiment was conducted in a randomized block design (RBD) during rabi and summer seasons of 2017-18 and 2018-19 to know the residual effect of different herbicides applied in maize on succeeding greengram. Result: The present study revealed that lower density and dry weight of total weeds and higher yield attributes and yield was recorded with the practice of adopting two hand weedings at 15 and 30 DAS, which was however, at par with atrazine 1.0 kg ha-1 as PE fb one HW at 30 DAS, atrazine 1.0 kg ha-1 as PE fb topramezone 30 g ha-1 as PoE and atrazine 1.0 kg ha-1 as PE fb tembotrione 120 g ha-1 as PoE, without any significant disparity among them. Herbicides applied in maize did not alter statistically the enzyme activity and microbial count in the soil at harvest of succeeding greeengram. 

scholarly journals Characterization of Botrytis cinerea From Commercial Cut Flower Roses

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (7) ◽  
pp. 1577-1583 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Muñoz ◽  
J. E. Faust ◽  
G. Schnabel
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Fungicide Resistance ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Cut Flower ◽  
Aspergillus Brasiliensis

Botrytis cinerea Pers. infects cut flower roses (Rosa × hybrida L.) during greenhouse production and gray mold symptoms are often expressed in the postharvest environment, resulting in significant economic losses. Disease management is based on cultural practices and preventative chemical treatments; however, gray mold outbreaks continue to occur. Rose tissues from six commercial shipments from two greenhouses in Colombia were evaluated to determine the Botrytis species composition as well as identify other pathogens present, gray mold incidence and severity, and fungicide resistance profiles. Botrytis isolates (49 total) were grouped into six morphological phenotypes, and all were identified to be B. cinerea sensu stricto. Disease incidence was higher in the petals than in the stem, stamen, ovary, sepal, or leaf tissues. Other fungi were isolated infrequently and included Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Epicoccum nigrum, Penicillium citrinum, Aspergillus brasiliensis, and Diplodia sp. Fungicide resistance profiles were determined using previously established discriminatory doses. Isolates resistant to thiophanate-methyl, iprodione, boscalid, and cyprodinil were found frequently in all shipments and in both greenhouses. The frequency of resistance to penthiopyrad, fenhexamid, fluopyram, isofetamid, and fludioxonil varied between shipments and greenhouses. No resistance to pydiflumetofen was observed at the discriminatory doses tested. Isolates with resistance to multiple chemical classes were commonly found. These results indicate that fungicide resistance management practices may improve preharvest and postharvest gray mold control of cut flower roses.

scholarly journals Tillage, Residue, Fertilizer and Weed Management on Phenology and Yield of Spring Maize in Terai, Nepal

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 328-335
Author(s):  
Saugat Dahal ◽  
Tika Bahadur Karki ◽  
Lal Prasad Amgain ◽  
Birendra Kumar Bhattachan
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Alternative Technologies ◽  
Spring Maize ◽  
Seed Fill ◽  
Herbicide Use

With the aim of developing crop management technologies that reduce the yield gap of maize (Zea mays L.) in Nepal, a study was carried-out to determine whether the grain yield of maize could be manipulated through tillage, residue, and nutrient and weed management practices. The effect of tillage (conventional and no tillage), residue (residue retained and residue removed), fertilizer (recommended doses of fertilizer and farmers’ doses of fertilizer) and weed management practices (herbicide use and manual weeding) on phenology and grain yield of maize were investigated under maize-rice cropping system in Rampur, Nepal during 2013. The experimental results revealed that no tillage had significant effect on grain yield (6.64 Mg ha-1) and phenological parameters like days to silking, physiological maturity and seed fill duration. Similarly, residue retained treatment had significant effect on grain yield (7.02 Mg ha-1) and phenological parameters. Research dose of fertilizer had significant effect on phenological parameters and grain yield (8.42 Mg ha-1). However, weed management factor did not influence significantly on grain yield and phenological parameters. The grain yield increased in no tillage by 23.19% over conventional tillage, residue retained by 39.84% over residue removed, recommended doses of fertilizer by 132.60% over farmer dose of fertilizer. Thus, no tillage, residue retention, recommended doses of fertilizer and use of herbicide for weed management can be alternative technologies for sustainable higher grain yield. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v2i3.11001Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol. 2(3): 328-335  

scholarly journals Suppression of Phytophthora Blight in Bell Pepper by a No-Till Wheat Cover Crop

1997 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 242-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean B. Ristaino ◽  
Gregory Parra ◽  
C. Lee Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crop ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Bell Pepper ◽  
Phytophthora Blight ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Initial Inoculum ◽  
No Till

Four mechanisms of dispersal of propagules of Phytophthora capsici were investigated through modifications in cultural practices and fungicide applications in field plots of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum). Dispersal of soil inoculum was suppressed, and final incidence of disease was 2.5 to 43% when stubble from a fall-sown, no-till, wheat cover crop was present. Final disease incidence was 71 to 72% and pathogen spread occurred within and across rows when all dispersal mechanisms were operative in plots of pepper planted into bare soil. Final disease incidence was 42 to 78% with black plastic mulch when a sporulating pepper fruit placed on the surface served as the source of initial inoculum. The fungicide metalaxyl applied in the irrigation system did not suppress within-row spread of surface inoculum from a sporulating fruit on plastic, but did limit across-row spread; final disease incidence in metalaxyl-treated plots was 11.5 to 14%. Pathogen dispersal mechanisms were modified most dramatically by the no-till cropping system. Thus, simple changes in cultural practices can have dramatic effects on the development of Phytophthora epidemics. Ecologically based disease management strategies have the potential to reduce our reliance on agrichemicals in this and similar pathosystems.

Weed management: fact or fable?

1981 ◽  
Vol 295 (1076) ◽  
pp. 185-197 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Leguminous Crops

Weed management is a new term for the age-old practice of employing all available means, in a planned way, to keep weed populations under control. It seeks to distinguish the systematic approach to weed control, based on scientific knowledge and rational strategies, from the pragmatic destruction of weeds. The remarkable efficiency of herbicides has in recent years emphasized the latter and allowed revolutionary methods of crop production to be practised. These have, however, led to serious new weed problems which in turn require more intensive herbicide use. The need for a weed management approach is increasingly recognized. New opportunities for this are provided by the availability of numerous herbicides and plant growth regulators and a growing understanding of the biology, ecology and population dynamics of weeds in relation to crop production systems. Examples discussed include: systematic control of grass weeds in intensive cereals in Britain, weed control in rice and in soybeans, the control of aquatic weeds by biological and chemical methods and an experimental zero-tillage cropping system for the humid tropics based on herbicides, growth regulators and ground-cover leguminous crops. In such management systems, interference of weed behaviour by exogenous growth regulators is likely to be of increasing significance. Constraints on the adoption of weed management practices include lack of support for weed science as a discipline, limited appeal to the agrochemical industry and inadequate extension services in many countries.

scholarly journals Soil and Pest Management in French Polynesian Farming Systems and Drivers and Barriers for Implementation of Practices Based on Agroecological Principles

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mélanie Surchat ◽  
Alexander Wezel ◽  
Vincent Tolon ◽  
Tor Arvid Breland ◽  
Philippe Couraud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Knowledge Exchange ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
French Polynesia ◽  
Farmer Knowledge ◽  
Socio Economic Variables

In the context of climate change, French Polynesia is committed to increasing qualitatively and quantitatively local food production. In this regard, agroecology is perceived as a sustainable pathway to improve farming practices. This article proposes first a theoretical framework to analyze the proximity of farmers' management to agroecological principles. Second, it describes the current use of agroecological pest and soil management practices by French Polynesian farmers. And third, it explains which agronomic and socio-economic factors drive the implementation of agroecological practices. For this, qualitative interviews were conducted with 32 farmers on three islands, and statistical analyses were carried for correlation between the use of practices and socio-economic variables. Results show that French Polynesian farmers implement different soil and pest management practices that are in line with agroecological principles. Farmers scored better in terms of pest management with high plant diversity, implementation of crop rotations, and mechanical weed management. There is a significant influence of the “cropping system” and the “production system” (organic, integrated, and conventional) on the use of practices as well as proximity to agroecological principles. Identified pathways for an agroecological transition are implementing farmer to farmer knowledge exchange, farmer networks, and farm demonstrations as well as training of extension services staff.

scholarly journals Field Performance of Trichoderma harzianum AAUT14 and Bacillus subtilis AAUB95 on Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Growth Promotion and Management of Chocolate Spot (Botrytis fabae Sard.)

2020 ◽  
pp. 35-45
Author(s):  
Zewdineh Firdu ◽  
Tesfaye Alemu ◽  
Fassil Assefa
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Trichoderma Harzianum ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Chocolate Spot

Aims: This study was done to evaluate the effects of T. harzianum AAUT14 and B.subtilis AAUB95 on chocolate spot (B. fabae) and growth promotion of faba bean. Study Design: A completely randomized block design was utilized. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center, 8º2'N and 39º10’E, Kulumsa, June-November, 2018. Methodology: Two trails (Trial-1 Ashebeka and Trial-2 Hachalu) were employed. We included T1-Control (B.f only); T2-T. harzianum AAUT14+ B.f; T3-B. subtilis AAUB95+B.f; T4-T. harzianum AAUT14+B. subtilis AAUB95+B.f; T5- MORE 720 WP+B.f; T6- ORZEB+B.f as treatments of the study. The disease development was assessed together with yield and related parameters. Results: In trail 1, a reduction that varied from 31-61% for disease incidence and 13-33% of severity over T1 upon 70 days after sowing. Upon 90 days, the disease incidence and severity was reduced to 20-50% and 36-51%, respectively. Trichoderma harzianum AAUT14+B.subtilis AAUB95 (T4) reduced the disease incidence and severity showing no significance difference (P=.05) with the chemical fungicide, MORE 720 WP (T5) upon 70 and 90 days of sowing. In trial 2, the microbial inoculants reduced the disease incidence and severity to 28-63% and 17-30% upon 70 days. Likewise, the disease incidence and severity was reduced to 23-51% and 37-54% upon 90 days. In addition, the AUDPC ranged from 1586.1-2250.0%DSU in trial 1 and 1382.0-2454.5%DSU in trial 2. Moreover, leaf area of 68.95cm2 was displayed by T4 in trial 1 and 54.14cm2 in trial 2. In addition, T 4 indicated, 62% and 49% increment of hundred seed dry weight and grain yield estimate in trial 1, and 56% and 55%, increase in trial 2 compared to the uninoculated control. The percentage of healthy pods was 90% and 88.87% in trial 1 and 2, respectively, in the treatment that received T4 and followed by T2 that showed 70.40 and 78.86% in trial 1 and 2, respectively. T4 resulted 4391.45kg/ha and 4378.12kg/ha, that followed by T2 with 3764.58kg/ha and 3654.17kg/ha of yield estimate in trial 1 and 2, respectively. 27-42% and 26-41% of harvest index was exhibited in trial 1 and trial 2, respectively. Furthermore, the seed nitrogen content increased from 33-70% in trial 1 and 29-62% in trial 2. The seed nitrogen content showed 33-70% and 29-62% increment in trial 1 and 2, respectively. Even though the fungicides (T5 and T6), protected the faba bean plants from chocolate spot, there was <10% of seed nitrogen and crudeprotein content increment over the untreated control plants in both varieties. Conclusion: The mixture of T. harzianum AAUT14 and B. subtilis AAUB95 or in some cases T. harzianum AAUT14 performed best on controlling chocolate spot, growth promotion and yield increment of faba bean.

Effect of Crop Establishment Methods and Weed Management Practices on Productivity, Soil Properties and Economics of Wheat under Rice – Wheat Cropping System

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
OMBIR SINGH ◽  
MOHAN SINGH ◽  
ROHITASAV SINGH
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Metsulfuron Methyl ◽  
Crop Research

A field experiment was conducted at the Crop Research Centre of GBPUA and T, Pantnagar, Udham Singh Nagar continuous two years to study the productivity, soil properties, and economics of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under different wheat establishment methods in main plots and seven weed management practices in sub plots, replicated thrice in a split plot design. Zero tilled wheat exhibited more number of spikes m-2 and more number of grains per spike was significantly higher than reduced and conventional tillage. The zero tilled wheat yielded 12.35 and 3.66 per cent higher over reduced and conventional tillage during Ist year and 11.99 and 3.09 per cent during IInd year. The bulk density of soil was higher under zero tillage than that of other tillage. The infiltration rate was significantly greater with ZT than RT and CT. The highest grain yield was obtained in two hand weedings done at 30 and 60 DAS and was at par with Isoproturon 1.0 kg ha-1 + Metsulfuron methyl 4 g ha-1 at 30 DAS and Clodinafop – Propargyl 60 g ha-1 at 30 DAS fb. Metsulfuron methyl 4 g ha-1 at 37 DAS.

scholarly journals Assessing weeds at risk of evolving glyphosate resistance in Australian sub-tropical glyphosate-resistant cotton systems

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (11) ◽  
pp. 1002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff Werth ◽  
David Thornby ◽  
Steve Walker
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Glyphosate Resistance ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Summer Fallow ◽  
Very High

Glyphosate resistance will have a major impact on current cropping practices in glyphosate-resistant cotton systems. A framework for a risk assessment for weed species and management practices used in cropping systems with glyphosate-resistant cotton will aid decision making for resistance management. We developed this framework and then assessed the biological characteristics of 65 species and management practices from 50 cotton growers. This enabled us to predict the species most likely to evolve resistance, and the situations in which resistance is most likely to occur. Species with the highest resistance risk were Brachiaria eruciformis, Conyza bonariensis, Urochloa panicoides, Chloris virgata, Sonchus oleraceus and Echinochloa colona. The summer fallow and non-irrigated glyphosate-resistant cotton were the highest risk phases in the cropping system. When weed species and management practices were combined, C. bonariensis in summer fallow and other winter crops were at very high risk. S. oleraceus had very high risk in summer and winter fallow, as did C. virgata and E. colona in summer fallow. This study enables growers to identify potential resistance risks in the species present and management practices used on their farm, which will to facilitate a more targeted weed management approach to prevent development of glyphosate resistance.

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