scholarly journals Perspectives on Structural, Physiological, Cellular, and Molecular Responses to Desiccation in Resurrection Plants

Scientifica ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yathisha Neeragunda Shivaraj ◽  
Plancot Barbara ◽  
Bruno Gugi ◽  
Maïté Vicré-Gibouin ◽  
Azeddine Driouich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Desiccation Tolerance ◽  
Important Change ◽  
Resurrection Plants ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Ps Ii ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme System ◽  
Small Regulatory Rna ◽  
Quantitative Monitoring ◽  
Wall Flexibility

Resurrection plants possess a unique ability to counteract desiccation stress. Desiccation tolerance (DT) is a very complex multigenic and multifactorial process comprising a combination of physiological, morphological, cellular, genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolic processes. Modification in the sugar composition of the hemicellulosic fraction of the cell wall is detected during dehydration. An important change is a decrease of glucose in the hemicellulosic fraction during dehydration that can reflect a modification of the xyloglucan structure. The expansins might also be involved in cell wall flexibility during drying and disrupt hydrogen bonds between polymers during rehydration of the cell wall. Cleavages by xyloglucan-modifying enzymes release the tightly bound xyloglucan-cellulose network, thus increasing cell wall flexibility required for cell wall folding upon desiccation. Changes in hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs) such as arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are also observed during desiccation and rehydration processes. It has also been observed that significant alterations in the process of photosynthesis and photosystem (PS) II activity along with changes in the antioxidant enzyme system also increased the cell wall and membrane fluidity resulting in DT. Similarly, recent data show a major role of ABA, LEA proteins, and small regulatory RNA in regulating DT responses. Current progress in “-omic” technologies has enabled quantitative monitoring of the plethora of biological molecules in a high throughput routine, making it possible to compare their levels between desiccation-sensitive and DT species. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of structural, physiological, cellular, molecular, and global responses involved in desiccation tolerance.

Paraquat Resistance of Weeds - the Case of Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq

2001 ◽  
Vol 56 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 319-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoltán Szigeti ◽  
Ilona Rácz ◽  
Demeter Lásztity
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Lower Sensitivity ◽  
Conyza Canadensis ◽  
General Stress Response ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme System ◽  
Paraquat Resistance ◽  
Polyamine Content ◽  
Inducible Protein ◽  
Inactive Cell

The paper gives an overview of literature on paraquat resistance of weeds and the proposed mechanism of resistance. New results we achieved on horseweed ( Conyza canadensis /L./, Cronq.) are discussed in detail. It was demonstrated that there is no significant constitutive difference related to the paraquat resistance between untreated susceptible and paraquat-resistant horseweed plants. The lower sensitivity of flowering resistant plants may be due to the fact that paraquat content in treated leaves of flowering resistant plants was only 25% as compared to those measured at rosette stage. Our results confirm that paraquat resistance is not based on elevated level and activity of antioxidant enzyme system. The hypothesized role of polyamines in the resistance mechanisms can be excluded. The higher putrescine and total polyamine content of paraquat treated resistant leaves can rather be regarded as a general stress response, than as a symptom of paraquat resistance. A paraquat-inducible protein is supposed to play a role in the resistance, which presumably functions by binding paraquat to an inactivating site and/ or by carrying paraquat to metabolically inactive cell compartment (vacuole, cell wall). From model experiments it is concluded that paraquat and diquat preferentially form hydrophylic interactions with proteins containing a higher amount of lysine and glutamic acid. Consequently, the reason for paraquat resistance in horseweed is probably a hydrophylic interaction of paraquat with a protein, leading to inactivation of paraquat through forming a conjugate and/or sequestration into the vacuole or the cell wall.

Molecular mechanisms of desiccation tolerance in resurrection plants

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (19) ◽  
pp. 3175-3186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsanko S. Gechev ◽  
Challabathula Dinakar ◽  
Maria Benina ◽  
Valentina Toneva ◽  
Dorothea Bartels
Keyword(s):  
Desiccation Tolerance ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Resurrection Plants

scholarly journals PASTA kinase-dependent control of peptidoglycan synthesis via ReoM is required for cell wall stress responses, cytosolic survival, and virulence in Listeria monocytogenes

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. e1009881
Author(s):  
Jessica L. Kelliher ◽  
Caroline M. Grunenwald ◽  
Rhiannon R. Abrahams ◽  
McKenzie E. Daanen ◽  
Cassandra I. Lew ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Wall Stress ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Bacterial Physiology ◽  
Cell Wall Stress

Pathogenic bacteria rely on protein phosphorylation to adapt quickly to stress, including that imposed by the host during infection. Penicillin-binding protein and serine/threonine-associated (PASTA) kinases are signal transduction systems that sense cell wall integrity and modulate multiple facets of bacterial physiology in response to cell envelope stress. The PASTA kinase in the cytosolic pathogen Listeria monocytogenes, PrkA, is required for cell wall stress responses, cytosolic survival, and virulence, yet its substrates and downstream signaling pathways remain incompletely defined. We combined orthogonal phosphoproteomic and genetic analyses in the presence of a β-lactam antibiotic to define PrkA phosphotargets and pathways modulated by PrkA. These analyses synergistically highlighted ReoM, which was recently identified as a PrkA target that influences peptidoglycan (PG) synthesis, as an important phosphosubstrate during cell wall stress. We find that deletion of reoM restores cell wall stress sensitivities and cytosolic survival defects of a ΔprkA mutant to nearly wild-type levels. While a ΔprkA mutant is defective for PG synthesis during cell wall stress, a double ΔreoM ΔprkA mutant synthesizes PG at rates similar to wild type. In a mouse model of systemic listeriosis, deletion of reoM in a ΔprkA background almost fully restored virulence to wild-type levels. However, loss of reoM alone also resulted in attenuated virulence, suggesting ReoM is critical at some points during pathogenesis. Finally, we demonstrate that the PASTA kinase/ReoM cell wall stress response pathway is conserved in a related pathogen, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Taken together, our phosphoproteomic analysis provides a comprehensive overview of the PASTA kinase targets of an important model pathogen and suggests that a critical role of PrkA in vivo is modulating PG synthesis through regulation of ReoM to facilitate cytosolic survival and virulence.

scholarly journals Cork cells in cork oak periderms undergo programmed cell death and proanthocyanidin deposition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera Inácio ◽  
Carolina Lobato ◽  
José Graça ◽  
Leonor Morais-Cecílio
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Cork Oak ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Traumatic Wound ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Vascular plants with secondary growth develop a periderm mostly composed of dead suberized cork cells to face environmental hostile conditions. Cork oak has a highly active and long-living phellogen forming a remarkably thick periderm that is periodically debarked for industrial purposes. This wounding originates the quick formation of a new traumatic periderm, making cork oak an exceptional model to study the first periderm differentiation during normal development in young sprigs and traumatic (wound) periderm formation after debarking. Here, we studied the poorly known first periderm differentiation steps that involve cell wall suberization, polyphenolic accumulation and programmed cell death (PCD) by combining transmission electron microscopy, histochemical and molecular methods in periderms from young sprigs. These processes were further compared with traumatic periderms formed after wounding using molecular and histochemical techniques, such as the polyphenolic accumulation. In the first periderms from young sprigs, four distinct differentiation stages were defined according to the presence of PCD morphological features. First young and traumatic periderms showed an upregulation of genes related to suberin biosynthesis, proanthocyanidins biosynthesis and transport, autophagy, and PCD. Traumatic periderms revealed an overall upregulation of these genes, likely resulting from ontogeny differences and distinct phellogen origin associated with a faster metabolism, highlighting the impact of wounding on phellogen activity after debarking. First periderms from young sprigs showed gradual accumulation of proanthocyanidins in the vacuoles throughout PCD stages until total filled lumens, whereas in traumatic periderms, these compounds were found cell wall linked in already empty cells. This work enabled a comprehensive overview of the cork cells differentiation processes contributing to deepening the knowledge of the fundamental ontogenic program of this protective tissue, which is also a unique forest product, constituting the basis of a sustainable and profitable industry.

scholarly journals Two Decades of Desiccation Biology: A Systematic Review of the Best Studied Angiosperm Resurrection Plants

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2784
Author(s):  
Shandry M. Tebele ◽  
Rose A. Marks ◽  
Jill M. Farrant
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Desiccation Tolerance ◽  
Resurrection Plant ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Temporary Increase ◽  
Resurrection Plants ◽  
Craterostigma Plantagineum ◽  
Collaborative Studies ◽  
Metagenomic Study ◽  
Meta Analyses

Resurrection plants have an extraordinary ability to survive extreme water loss but still revive full metabolic activity when rehydrated. These plants are useful models to understand the complex biology of vegetative desiccation tolerance. Despite extensive studies of resurrection plants, many details underlying the mechanisms of desiccation tolerance remain unexplored. To summarize the progress in resurrection plant research and identify unexplored questions, we conducted a systematic review of 15 model angiosperm resurrection plants. This systematic review provides an overview of publication trends on resurrection plants, the geographical distribution of species and studies, and the methodology used. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta–Analyses protocol we surveyed all publications on resurrection plants from 2000 and 2020. This yielded 185 empirical articles that matched our selection criteria. The most investigated plants were Craterostigma plantagineum (17.5%), Haberlea rhodopensis (13.7%), Xerophyta viscosa (reclassified as X. schlechteri) (11.9%), Myrothamnus flabellifolia (8.5%), and Boea hygrometrica (8.1%), with all other species accounting for less than 8% of publications. The majority of studies have been conducted in South Africa, Bulgaria, Germany, and China, but there are contributions from across the globe. Most studies were led by researchers working within the native range of the focal species, but some international and collaborative studies were also identified. The number of annual publications fluctuated, with a large but temporary increase in 2008. Many studies have employed physiological and transcriptomic methodologies to investigate the leaves of resurrection plants, but there was a paucity of studies on roots and only one metagenomic study was recovered. Based on these findings we suggest that future research focuses on resurrection plant roots and microbiome interactions to explore microbial communities associated with these plants, and their role in vegetative desiccation tolerance.

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