scholarly journals Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV): Infection, Immunological Response, and Vaccine Development

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayman Mubarak ◽  
Wael Alturaiki ◽  
Maged Gomaa Hemida
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Immunological Response ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
World Health ◽  
Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 ◽  
Health Organization

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) first emerged in late 2012. Since its emergence, a total of 2279 patients from 27 countries have been infected across the globe according to a World Health Organization (WHO) report (Feb. 12th, 2019). Approximately 806 patients have died. The virus uses its spike proteins as adhesive factors that are proinflammatory for host entry through a specific receptor called dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4). This receptor is considered a key factor in the signaling and activation of the acquired and innate immune responses in infected patients. Using potent antigens in combination with strong adjuvants may effectively trigger the activation of specific MERS-CoV cellular responses as well as the production of neutralizing antibodies. Unfortunately, to date, there is no effective approved treatment or vaccine for MERS-CoV. Thus, there are urgent needs for the development of novel MERS-CoV therapies as well as vaccines to help minimize the spread of the virus from infected patients, thereby mitigating the risk of any potential pandemics. Our main goals are to highlight and describe the current knowledge of both the innate and adaptive immune responses to MERS-CoV and the current state of MERS-CoV vaccine development. We believe this study will increase our understanding of the mechanisms that enhance the MERS-CoV immune response and subsequently contribute to the control of MERS-CoV infections.

scholarly journals Antibody titers measured by commercial assays are correlated with neutralizing antibody titers calibrated by international standards

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-An Kung ◽  
Chung-Guei Huang ◽  
Sheng-Yu Huang ◽  
Kuan-Ting Liu ◽  
Peng-Nien Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
International Standards ◽  
World Health ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Health Organization

The World Health Organization (WHO) has highlighted the importance of an international standard (IS) for SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody titer detection, with the aim of calibrating different diagnostic techniques. In this study, IS was applied to calibrate neutralizing antibody titers (IU/mL) and binding antibody titers (BAU/mL) in response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Serum samples were collected from participants receiving the Moderna (n = 20) and Pfizer (n = 20) vaccines at three time points: pre-vaccination, after one dose, and after two doses. We obtained geometric mean titers of 1404.16 and 928.75 IU/mL for neutralizing antibodies after two doses of the Moderna and Pfizer vaccines, respectively. These values provide an important baseline for vaccine development and the implementation of non-inferiority trials. We also compared three commercially available kits from Roche, Abbott, and MeDiPro for the detection of COVID-19 antibodies based on binding affinity to S1 and/or RBD. Our results demonstrated that antibody titers measured by commercial assays are highly correlated with neutralizing antibody titers calibrated by IS.

Coronaviruses: HCoV, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Ison
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
World Health ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
The Common ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Health Organization

Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a group of viral pathogens that infect mammals and birds. The presentation in humans is typically that of a mild upper respiratory tract infection, similar to the common cold. However, in recent years, dramatic attention has arisen for more lethal members of this viral family (e.g., severe acute respiratory syndrome [SARS-CoV], Middle East respiratory syndrome [MERS-CoV], and coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]). The epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of these viruses are discussed in this review. Importantly, new guideline tables from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, as well as the World Health Organization are provided at the conclusion of the review. This review contains 12 tables, 3 figure and 48 references. Keywords: Coronavirus, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), COVID-19, respiratory infection, antiviral, real-time polymerase chain reaction

Coronaviruses: HCoV, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Ison
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
World Health ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
The Common ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Health Organization

Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a group of viral pathogens that infect mammals and birds. The presentation in humans is typically that of a mild upper respiratory tract infection, similar to the common cold. However, in recent years, dramatic attention has arisen for more lethal members of this viral family (e.g., severe acute respiratory syndrome [SARS-CoV], Middle East respiratory syndrome [MERS-CoV], and coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]). The epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of these viruses are discussed in this review. Importantly, new guideline tables from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, as well as the World Health Organization are provided at the conclusion of the review. This review contains 12 tables, 3 figure and 48 references. Keywords: Coronavirus, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), COVID-19, respiratory infection, antiviral, real-time polymerase chain reaction

Coronaviruses: HCoV, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Ison
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
World Health ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
The Common ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Health Organization

Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a group of viral pathogens that infect mammals and birds. The presentation in humans is typically that of a mild upper respiratory tract infection, similar to the common cold. However, in recent years, dramatic attention has arisen for more lethal members of this viral family (e.g., severe acute respiratory syndrome [SARS-CoV], Middle East respiratory syndrome [MERS-CoV], and coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]). The epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of these viruses are discussed in this review. Importantly, new guideline tables from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, as well as the World Health Organization are provided at the conclusion of the review. This review contains 12 tables, 3 figure and 48 references. Keywords: Coronavirus, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), COVID-19, respiratory infection, antiviral, real-time polymerase chain reaction

Coronaviruses: HCoV, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Ison
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
World Health ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
The Common ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Health Organization

Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a group of viral pathogens that infect mammals and birds. The presentation in humans is typically that of a mild upper respiratory tract infection, similar to the common cold. However, in recent years, dramatic attention has arisen for more lethal members of this viral family (e.g., severe acute respiratory syndrome [SARS-CoV], Middle East respiratory syndrome [MERS-CoV], and coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]). The epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of these viruses are discussed in this review. Importantly, new guideline tables from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, as well as the World Health Organization are provided at the conclusion of the review. This review contains 12 tables, 3 figure and 48 references. Keywords: Coronavirus, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), COVID-19, respiratory infection, antiviral, real-time polymerase chain reaction

Coronaviruses: HCoV, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Ison
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
World Health ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
The Common ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Health Organization

Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a group of viral pathogens that infect mammals and birds. The presentation in humans is typically that of a mild upper respiratory tract infection, similar to the common cold. However, in recent years, dramatic attention has arisen for more lethal members of this viral family (e.g., severe acute respiratory syndrome [SARS-CoV], Middle East respiratory syndrome [MERS-CoV], and coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]). The epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of these viruses are discussed in this review. Importantly, new guideline tables from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, as well as the World Health Organization are provided at the conclusion of the review. This review contains 12 tables, 3 figure and 48 references. Keywords: Coronavirus, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), COVID-19, respiratory infection, antiviral, real-time polymerase chain reaction

scholarly journals Conjugation of Human β-Defensin 2 to Spike Protein Receptor-Binding Domain Induces Antigen-Specific Protective Immunity against Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection in Human Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Transgenic Mice

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 635
Author(s):  
Ju Kim ◽  
Ye Lin Yang ◽  
Yongsu Jeong ◽  
Yong-Suk Jang
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Receptor Binding ◽  
Dipeptidyl Peptidase ◽  
Binding Domain ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Receptor Binding Domain ◽  
Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 ◽  
Protein Receptor

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) causes severe acute respiratory symptoms. Due to the lack of medical countermeasures, effective and safe vaccines against MERS-CoV infection are urgently required. Although different types of candidate vaccines have been developed, their immunogenicity is limited, and the dose and administration route need optimization to achieve optimal protection. We here investigated the potential use of human β-defensin 2 (HBD 2) as an adjuvant to enhance the protection provided by MERS-CoV vaccination. We found that immunization of human dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (hDPP4)-transgenic (hDPP4-Tg) mice with spike protein receptor-binding domain (S RBD) conjugated with HBD 2 (S RBD-HBD 2) induced potent antigen (Ag)-specific adaptive immune responses and protected against MERS-CoV infection. In addition, immunization with S RBD-HBD 2 alleviated progressive pulmonary fibrosis in the lungs of MERS-CoV-infected hDPP4-Tg mice and suppressed endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling activation upon viral infection. Compared to intramuscular administration, intranasal administration of S RBD-HBD 2 induced more potent mucosal IgA responses and was more effective for protecting against intranasal MERS-CoV infection. In conclusion, our findings suggest that HBD 2 potentiates Ag-specific immune responses against viral Ag and can be used as an adjuvant enhancing the immunogenicity of subunit vaccine candidates against MERS-CoV.

scholarly journals Middle East Respiratory Syndrome

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Novie H. Rampengan
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Middle East ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Supportive Therapy ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
World Health ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is a respiratory disease caused by Corona virus (MERS-CoV). This virus was first reported in 2012 in Saudi Arabia. World Health Organization (WHO) reported that until June 2015 there were 26 countries infected by MERS-CoV with a total of 1,334 laboratory confirmed cases of MERS-CoV infection and 471 deaths. According to WHO as many as 75% of MERS-CoV cases are secondary cases, obtained from other infected people. In mid 2015 it is reported that MERS-CoV attacked South Korea with 172 confirmed cases of MERS-CoV and 27 deaths. There are no approved antiviral agents for the treatment of MERS-CoV infection or vaccine available for the prevention of MERS-CoV. MERS cases are treated with supportive therapy such as hydration, antipyretics, analgesics, respiratory support, and antibiotics in case of secondary infectionKeywords: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, Corona virus, treatmentAbstrak: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) merupakan penyakit saluran napas yang disebabkan oleh Corona virus (MERS-CoV). Virus ini pertama kali dilaporkan pada tahun 2012 di Arab Saudi. WHO melaporkan bahwa sampai Juni 2015 terdapat 26 negara terinfeksi MERS-CoV dengan total 1.334 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium terinfeksi MERS-CoV dan 471 kematian. Menurut WHO sebanyak 75% dari kasus MERS-CoV merupakan kasus sekunder, yaitu diperoleh dari orang lain yang terinfeksi. Pada pertengahan tahun 2015 dilaporkan MERS-CoV menyerang Korea Selatan dengan 172 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium terinfeksi MERS-CoV dan 27 kematian. Belum ada antivirus yang disetujui untuk pengobatan infeksi MERS-CoV atau vaksin yang tersedia untuk pencegahan MERS-CoV. Penanganan MERS-CoV dengan terapi suportif berupa hidrasi, antipiretik, analgetik, bantuan pernapasan, dan antibiotik bila terjadi infeksi sekunder.Kata kunci: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, Corona virus, penanganan

scholarly journals The history and epidemiology of Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aisha M. Al-Osail ◽  
Marwan J. Al-Wazzah
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
World Health ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Novel Virus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Corona Viruses

Corona viruses cause common cold, and infections caused by corona viruses are generally self-resolving. During the last 4 years, corona viruses have become the most important viruses worldwide because of the occurrence of several recent deaths caused by corona viruses in Saudi Arabia. Spread of the infection occurred worldwide; however, most cases of mortality have occurred in the Middle East. Owing to the predominance of outbreaks in the Middle Eastern countries, the virus was renamed a Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus (MERS-CoV) by the Corona virus Study Group. The Center for Diseases Control and Prevention and World Health Organization maintain a website that is updated frequently with new cases of MERS-CoV infection. In this review, we describe the history and epidemiology of this novel virus. Studies of the genetics and molecular mechanisms of this virus are expected to facilitate the development of vaccines in the future.

scholarly journals Immunological Approaches and Different Strategies for Vaccine Development against SARS-COV-2

2020 ◽  
pp. 91-99
Author(s):  
Muhammed Babakir-Mina
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Immunological Response ◽  
The Body ◽  
World Health ◽  
Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Humoral And Cellular Immunity ◽  
The Common ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Immunoglobin G

Globally, SARS-CoV-2 outbreak is considered as pandemic viral infection by the World Health Organization (WHO). In the immunological response aspect, a very limited understanding has been progressed, mainly innate and adaptive immunity responses toward the virus. SARS-COV-2 causes severe respiratory disease and sometimes ended with the death. The body of the patients has ability to develop the immunity to cure the patient and more importantly both humoral and cellular immunity have studied against SARS-COV-2. There are different immune responses against the viral infection as it has seen in other previous diseases such as SARS-COV and MESR. On the base on immune response detected in recovered patients, scientists have started to develop the vaccines. Moreover, there are different strategies that used by researchers and pharmacological companies to develop vaccines including attenuated or killed viruses, RNA of a spike protein, and vector expressing a particular protein of the virus. The common antibodies have detected to work against SARS-COV-2 in sera of infected or recovered patients are immunoglobin G ( IgG) and immunoglobin M (IgM). The sera of patients recovered from COVID-19, after tittering of immunoglobulins (IgG titer) can be used for either treatment of disease or prophylaxis of infection by SARS-COV-2. This study gives an update on the current immunological approaches and vaccination strategies for the emerging SARS-COV-2, and discusses the challenges and hurdles to overcome for developing efficacious vaccines against this dangerous pathogen.

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