scholarly journals Virtual Nature as an Intervention for Reducing Stress and Improving Mood in People with Substance Use Disorder

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Lori Reynolds ◽  
Oaklee Rogers ◽  
Andrew Benford ◽  
Ammie Ingwaldson ◽  
Bethany Vu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Negative Affect ◽  
Substance Use Disorder ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cost Effective Treatment ◽  
Nature Scene

Substance use disorder (SUD) afflicts a large percentage of the United States population, with negative implications that cost more than $420 billion annually. This population often experiences negative emotions throughout the recovery process, including anxiety, depression, stress, and negative affect. Currently, evidence-based treatment strategies for SUD include cognitive behavioral therapy, motivational interviewing, 12-step programs, and mindfulness-based treatment. One intervention that has not been studied at length among individuals with SUD is use of the natural environment as treatment. Among other patient populations, nature has been shown to reduce stress and anxiety by regulating autonomic nervous system function, reducing symptoms of depression, and improving mood. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether viewing nature videos could similarly reduce stress and improve mood in individuals with SUD. A crossover design was used to compare viewing a nature scene and practicing mindfulness-based activities for women with SUD at a residential treatment facility. Over four weeks, participants engaged in the two activities for the first 10 minutes of their daily program. Immediately before and after each 10 minute session, measures were taken for heart rate, in beats per minute (BPM); affect, using the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS); and overall mood, using a 10-point rating scale from “very unpleasant” to “pleasant.” Thirty-six women completed the study. For viewing a nature scene and practicing the mindfulness-based activities, there were statistically significant reductions in mean negative affect scores (p=0.001) and heart rate (p≤0.001). In addition, for participants in both conditions, overall mood improved significantly (p=0.030). The results from this study provide initial evidence that viewing nature has similar benefits to MBT in the treatment of stress and negative mood associated with the SUD recovery process and may be an additional, cost-effective treatment strategy for individuals with SUD.

scholarly journals Substance Use Disorder: A Model for Integration in Undergraduate Medical Education

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 238212052110258
Author(s):  
Haritha Pavuluri ◽  
Nicolas Poupore ◽  
William Michael Schmidt ◽  
Samantha Gabrielle Boniface ◽  
Meenu Jindal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Substance Use Disorder ◽  
The United States ◽  
University Of South Carolina ◽  
Community Recovery ◽  
School Of Medicine ◽  
Treatment Gaps ◽  
The University

Substance Use Disorder (SUD) is a debilitating chronic illness with significant morbidity and mortality across the United States. The AAMC and LCME have supported the efforts for more effective medical education of SUD to address the existing stigma, knowledge, and treatment gaps. The Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and associated social, economic, and behavioral impacts have added to this urgency. The University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville (USCSOMG), in collaboration with community organizations, has successfully implemented an integrated SUD education curriculum for medical students. Students learn about SUD in basic sciences, receive case-based education during clinical exercises, and are provided the opportunity to become a recovery coach and participate in the patient and family recovery meetings through this curriculum during preclinical years. During the clinical years, SUD education is enhanced with exposure to Medication for Addition Treatment (MAT). Students also partake in the care coordination of patients with SUD between the hospital and community recovery organizations. All students receive MAT waiver training in their final year and are prepared to prescribe treatment for SUD upon graduation. The experiences in this integrated curriculum integration can perhaps assist other organizations to implement similar components and empower the next generation of physicians to be competent and effective in treating patients with SUD.

Substance use disorder among older adults in the United States in 2020

Addiction ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beth Han ◽  
Joseph C. Gfroerer ◽  
James D. Colliver ◽  
Michael A. Penne
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Substance Use Disorder ◽  
The United States

Substance Use Disorder Treatments

2017 ◽  
pp. 96-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liliane Cambraia Windsor ◽  
Douglas C. Smith ◽  
Kyle M. Bennett ◽  
Frederick X. Gibbons
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Substance Use Disorder ◽  
The United States ◽  
Drug Misuse ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Treatment Access ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Diverse Groups

Today’s emerging adults belong to one of the most diverse generations in the United States and show the highest rates of alcohol and illicit drug misuse, facing significant health risks. Thus it is critical to develop effective interventions to reduce alcohol and illicit substance misuse and its related harms among this diverse group. This chapter examines the current literature on the development and effectiveness of existing culturally relevant substance use disorder treatments and makes recommendations for future research and best practices. We argue that given their unique needs, the severity of their substance use, and the low rates of treatment engagement among this population, it is critical that treatment efforts focus on increasing effective treatment access to all emerging adults. We further encourage substance use disorder treatment researchers and practitioners to move beyond addressing culture-bound intervention targets focused on specific cultural groups. The chapter advocates for the development, testing, and adoption of interventions that are responsive to cultural contexts and that (1) target social determinants of health, (2) are equally effective with privileged and marginalized emerging adults, and (3) prepare therapists to effectively deliver interventions to diverse groups and demonstrate cultural competence.

scholarly journals How Social Relationships Influence Substance Use Disorder Recovery: A Collaborative Narrative Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 117822181983337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henning Pettersen ◽  
Anne Landheim ◽  
Ivar Skeie ◽  
Stian Biong ◽  
Morten Brodahl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Substance Use Disorder ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Support Network ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Narrative Study ◽  
Study Planning ◽  
Caring Relationship

Individuals with a substance use disorder (SUD) often have fewer social support network resources than those without SUDs. This qualitative study examined the role of social relationships in achieving and maintaining stable recovery after many years of SUD. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 participants, each of whom had been diagnosed with a SUD and each of whom had been abstinent for at least 5 years. A resource group of peer consultants in long-term recovery from SUDs contributed to the study planning, preparation, and initial analyses. The relationship that most participants described as helpful for initiating abstinence was recognition by a peer or a caring relationship with a service provider or sibling. These findings suggest that, to reach and maintain abstinence, it is important to maintain positive relationships and to engage self-agency to protect oneself from the influences of negative relationships. Substance use disorder service providers should increase the extent to which they involve the social networks of clients when designing new treatment approaches. Service providers should also focus more on individualizing services to meet their clients on a personal level, without neglecting professionalism or treatment strategies.

Representative Bureaucracy Through Staff With Lived Experience: Peer Coproduction in the Field of Substance Use Disorder Treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 880-897
Author(s):  
Sunggeun (Ethan) Park
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Lived Experience ◽  
Substance Use Disorder ◽  
The United States ◽  
Descriptive Representation ◽  
Representative Bureaucracy ◽  
Organizational Decision Making ◽  
Substance Use Disorder Treatment ◽  
Disorder Treatment

This study extends the representative bureaucracy literature by theorizing and empirically testing how staff sharing lived experience with service users can serve as user representatives in service provision processes (i.e., the peer coproduction mechanism). Using survey data from a representative sample of substance use disorder treatment clinics in the United States, we explore factors associated with descriptive representation (the presence of staff with firsthand experience of a substance use disorder in both frontline treatment and senior positions) and directors’ perceptions of recovering staff’s potential to serve as user representatives in individual care and organizational decision-making processes. Recovering staff accounted for a third of the field’s workforce, but the majority of the clinics did not employ them in senior staff positions. Regression results suggest that organizational leaders’ recognition of recovering staff’s unique representation capacities may facilitate greater descriptive representation and grant meaningful organizational decision-making authority to recovering staff. Multiple research and practice implications are discussed.

scholarly journals Does the efficacy of asenapine in bipolar disorder increase in the presence of comorbidity with a substance use disorder? A naturalistic study

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio De Filippis ◽  
Ilaria Cuomo ◽  
Georgios D. Kotzalidis ◽  
Daniela Pucci ◽  
Pietro Zingaretti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Substance Use Disorder ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Type I ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Young Mania ◽  
Psychiatric Rating ◽  
Psychiatric Rating Scale

Background: Asenapine is a second-generation antipsychotic approved in Europe for treating moderate-to-severe manic episodes in adults affected by type I bipolar disorder (BD-I). We aimed to compare its efficacy in psychiatric inpatients with BD-I, with or without substance use disorder (SUD). Methods: We administered flexible asenapine doses ranging from 5–20 mg/day to 119 voluntarily hospitalized patients with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) BD-I diagnosis, with or without SUD. Patients were assessed with clinician-rated questionnaires [i.e. Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS), and Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF)]. Assessments were carried out at baseline (T0, prior to treatment), and 3 (T1), 7 (T2), 15 (T3), and 30 days (T4) after starting treatment for all clinical scales and at T0 and T4 for the GAF. Results: Patients improved on all scales ( p < 0.001) across all timepoints, as shown both by paired-sample comparisons and by applying a repeated-measures, generalized linear model (GLM). Patients without comorbid SUD showed greater reductions in BPRS scores at T2 and T3, greater reduction in YMRS scores at T3, and lower HARS scores at all timepoints. HDRS scores did not differ between the two groups at any timepoint. However, the reduction in HARS scores in the comorbid group was stronger than in the BD-I only group, albeit not significantly. Side effects were few and mild-to-moderate. Conclusions: The open-label design and the relatively short observation period may expose to both type I and type II statistical errors (false positive and false negatives). Asenapine showed effectiveness and safety in hospitalized BD-I patients. Its effect was stronger in patients without comorbid SUD.

Programming

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrece Hairston ◽  
Ingrid A. Binswanger
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Substance Use Disorder ◽  
Behavioral Interventions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Mutual Aid ◽  
Criminal Justice Involvement ◽  
Federal Prisons

The nexus of substance use disorders and criminal justice involvement is considerable. This is particularly the case in the United States, where 48% of individuals in federal prisons were incarcerated for drug-related convictions in 2011. In the last year for which national data are available, approximately half of the individuals incarcerated in state and federal prisons met criteria for drug abuse or dependence. Tobacco and alcohol use are also more common in correctional populations than in the general, non-institutionalized population. Thus, criminal justice populations have a significant need for evidence-based treatment of addiction and interventions to reduce the medical complications of drug use. While many programs to address substance use disorder among correctional populations exist, many individuals fail to receive adequate care and continue to experience complications of substance use disorders. Thus, correctional clinicians and staff, researchers, and patients will need to continue to advocate for improved and enhanced dissemination of integrated, evidence-based behavioral and pharmacological treatment for substance use disorder across the continuum of criminal justice involvement. This chapter describes the evolution of addiction programming within correctional settings from the late 1700s to contemporary practices. Beginning with a discussion of mutual aid societies as one of the earliest providers of ‘treatment,’ this chapter outlines important aspects of early treatment. Additionally, current levels of care and specialized modalities for individuals involved in the criminal justice system are presented, such as cognitive-behavioral interventions, drug courts, therapeutic communities, pharmacologically supported therapy, and harm reduction approaches.

Abuse of reformulated OxyContin: Updated findings from a sentinel surveillance sample of individuals assessed for substance use disorder

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa A. Cassidy, MPH ◽  
Eileen Thorley, MPH ◽  
Ryan A. Black, PhD ◽  
Angela DeVeaugh-Geiss, PhD ◽  
Stephen F. Butler, PhD ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Substance Use Disorder ◽  
The United States ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
Addiction Severity Index ◽  
Prescription Opioid ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Geographic Regions ◽  
Drug Problems ◽  
Treatment Settings

Objective: To examine abuse prevalence for OxyContin and comparator opioids over a 6-year period prior to and following market entry of reformulated OxyContin and assess consistency in abuse across treatment settings and geographic regions. Design: An observational study examining longitudinal changes using cross-sectional data from treatment centers for substance use disorder.Setting: A total of 874 facilities in 39 states in the United States within the National Addictions Vigilance Intervention and Prevention Program (NAVIPPRO®) surveillance system.Participants: Adults (72,060) assessed for drug problems using the Addiction Severity Index-Multimedia Version (ASI-MV®) from January 2009 through December 2015 who abused prescription opioids.Main outcome measure(s): Percent change in past 30-day abuse. Results: OxyContin had significantly lower abuse 5 years after reformulation compared to levels for original OxyContin. Consistency of magnitude in OxyContin abuse reductions across geographic regions, ranging from 41 to 52 percent with differences in abuse reductions in treatment setting categories occurred. Changes in geographic region and treatment settings across study years did not bias the estimate of lower OxyContin abuse through confounding.Conclusion: In the postmarket setting, limitations and methodologic challenges in abuse measurement exist and it is difficult to isolate singular impacts of any one intervention given the complexity of prescription opioid abuse. Expectations for a reasonable threshold of abuse for any one ADF product or ADF opioids as a class are still uncertain and undefined. A significant decline in abuse prevalence of reformulated OxyContin was observed 5 years after its reformulation among this treatment sample of individuals assessed for substance use disorder that was lower historically for the original formulation of this product.

scholarly journals The psychosocial predictors and real-time antecedents of substance use among participants recruited via an online crowdsourcing platform in the United States: an ecological momentary assessment study (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Payaal Jain ◽  
Claudine Offer ◽  
Christopher Rowe ◽  
Caitlin Turner ◽  
Carol Dawson-Rose ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Negative Affect ◽  
Ecological Momentary Assessment ◽  
Crack Cocaine ◽  
The United States ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ecological Momentary ◽  
Momentary Assessment

BACKGROUND Substance use is a major public health problem and contributes substantially to the burden of disease among adults throughout the United States (US). To inform interventions, there is a need to identify the antecedents of substance use by collecting data in real-time using ecological momentary assessment (EMA). Also, crowdsourcing platforms like Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) which leverage the internet to conduct research used in conjunction with EMA, may improve the scientific rigor of addiction science. OBJECTIVE We aimed to: 1) utilize EMA data and examine the temporal relationship between day-level cravings for alcohol and stimulants (e.g., cocaine, crack cocaine, and methamphetamine) and substance use (i.e., heavy drinking or any drug use) in a given day; and 2) assess whether depression, negative affect, and self-esteem measured at baseline predicted substance use in a given day, among participants recruited using MTurk. METHODS Adults in the US who reported alcohol or stimulant use (i.e., crack cocaine, cocaine, or methamphetamine) in the past year, were recruited using MTurk in 2018. Participants completed a baseline survey assessing socio-demographics, and psychosocial factors, and daily diaries assessing substance use, and cravings for alcohol and stimulants, online. Four multivariable random-intercept logistic regression models were built to examine psychosocial constructs separately along with other significant predictors from bivariate analyses, controlling for age and education. RESULTS Among a total of 272 participants, the average age was 36.1 (standard deviation [SD]=10.5), most (80.8%) were white and male (73.9%), and 65.3% were men who reported having sex with other men (MSM). At baseline, 63.8% engaged in any current or past hazardous alcohol consumption, 15.3% reported using cocaine, 10.1% reported using methamphetamine, 4.4% reported using crack cocaine, and 38.2% reported any non-injection or injection drug use in the past six months. On a scale from 0-100, median day-level cravings for alcohol, methamphetamine, cocaine and crack cocaine were; 5 (interquartile range [IQR]=0-26), 54 (IQR=20-88), 39 (IQR=1-71), and 52 (IQR=51-87), respectively. In multivariable analyses, factors independently associated with substance use in a given day were: higher baseline levels of depression (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]=1.11, 95% CI=1.02-1.21, P=0.01), and negative affect (aOR=1.08, 95% CI=1.01-1.16, P=0.01), lower levels of self-esteem (aOR=0.90, 95% CI=0.82-0.98, P=0.02), and greater day-level cravings for alcohol (aOR=1.02, 95% CI=1.01-1.03, P<0.001), and stimulants (aOR=1.03, 95% CI=1.01-1.04, P=0.01). Lastly, MSM had a higher odds of engaging in substance use in a given day in all final models: (aOR=4.90, 95% CI=1.28-18.70, p=0.02); (aOR=5.47, 95% CI=1.43-20.87, p=0.01); (aOR=5.99, 95% CI=1.55-23.13, p=0.009); and (aOR=4.94, 95% CI=1.29-18.84, p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS Substance use interventions should utilize evidenced-based approaches to reduce depression, negative affect, and cravings, increase self-esteem, and engage MSM. Interventions may also consider leveraging mobile health platforms to more effectively reduce substance use among populations who use crowdsourcing platforms.

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