scholarly journals Two-Stage Pricing Decision for Low-Carbon Products Based on Consumer Strategic Behaviour

Complexity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Cheng Che ◽  
Zhihong Zhang ◽  
Xiaoguang Zhang ◽  
Yi Chen
Keyword(s):  
Low Carbon ◽  
Carbon Product ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Strategic Consumers ◽  
Strategic Behaviour ◽  
Product Pricing ◽  
Pricing Decision ◽  
Total Profit ◽  
Time Changes ◽  
The Impact

The development of information technology has changed the pricing strategy of retailers, and consumers have also made strategic consumption behaviours accordingly. At the same time, changes in the environment have caused changes in the retailer’s products and raised consumers’ environmental awareness. This paper uses a two-stage pricing model to study the low-carbon product pricing decisions of retailers based on strategic consumers with low-carbon preferences in two situations. Through the analysis of low-carbon and ordinary products in two situations, the following conclusions can be drawn: (1) In a market where retailers only sell low-carbon products, product prices and profits increase as consumers’ green preference θ increases. (2) In the low-carbon product and ordinary product markets, the price and profit of low-carbon products increase with regard to consumers’ green preference θ . (3) In the second stage, when consumers’ intertemporal discount factor β for ordinary products is larger than that of low-carbon products, the retailer’s total profit is smaller. The research conclusion comprehensively analyses the impact of customer strategic behaviour on the two-stage pricing decision of green differentiated products, which provides a very important reference for retailers to make pricing optimization decisions.

Optimization Decision Promotion Model of Supply Chain Networks with Logistics Speed

2014 ◽  
Vol 644-650 ◽  
pp. 6170-6173
Author(s):  
Lang Liao ◽  
Yong Hong Huang ◽  
Chang Jiang Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Decision Model ◽  
Small World ◽  
Optimal Decision ◽  
Supply Chain Networks ◽  
Product Consumption ◽  
Product Pricing ◽  
Total Profit ◽  
Small World Property ◽  
The Impact

Commercial logistics speed has the dynamic characteristics of the impact on supply chain. In order to establish the relationship between logistics speed and supply chain network decision model, accurately grasp the logistics effect on supply chain decision, an optimization decision model of supply chain networks with logistics layer weighting was proposed. The whole complex network model of hierarchical supply chain was established. The product pricing and logistics strategies and optimization decision were proposed for realizing the maximum total profit. The simulation results show that the optimal decision model is shown in small world property, and it can reflect the product consumption demand reality effectively, the total profit of the whole supply chain is significantly increased compared with the traditional method, and the network system is adaptive and robust.

scholarly journals Offline and Online Channel Selection of Low-Carbon Supply Chain under Carbon Trading Market

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Qiang Han ◽  
Zhenlong Yang ◽  
Zheng Zhang ◽  
Liang Shen
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Stackelberg Game ◽  
Product Market ◽  
Carbon Trading ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Carbon Product ◽  
Trading Market ◽  
Emission Quota ◽  
Online Channel ◽  
The Impact

This paper investigates the low-carbon product manufacturer’s different decision behavior in the offline traditional retail channel and online e-commerce channel when the carbon trading market has been established. The low-carbon product manufacturer is both in the carbon trading market and product market. In the former market, the manufacturer can gain profits by selling its emission quota. In the latter market, the manufacturer has two sales channel options, the traditional offline retailer and the online e-commerce platform. These two channels make two supply chains, the manufacturer-led offline one and the e-commerce platform-led online one. This paper combines the carbon trading market with the product market, formulates different Stackelberg game models, compares the manufacturer’s decision under two channels and the impact of channels on the carbon emission, does sensitivity analysis, and verifies the conclusions with numerical examples. Our findings are (1) the establishment of the carbon market will help the manufacturer reduce its carbon emission, especially for those sensitive to the carbon price and those with too much emissions; (2) whether the manufacturer turns to the online channel depends on the consumers’ sensitivity to the sales service, and consumers’ attention will guide the way to the online mode; (3) which mode is conducive to carbon emission reduction relies on the product type: the e-commerce platform does well for daily necessities of mass production while the traditional channel is better for experience goods.

scholarly journals An Optimization Approach for the Coordinated Low-Carbon Design of Product Family and Remanufactured Products

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Wang ◽  
Dunbing Tang ◽  
Shipei Li ◽  
Jun Yang ◽  
Miguel Salido ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Product Family ◽  
Optimization Approach ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Product Family Design ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Environmental Benefit ◽  
Carbon Product ◽  
Parameters Selection ◽  
Total Profit ◽  
The One

With increasingly stringent environmental regulations on emission standards, enterprises and investigators are looking for effective ways to decrease GHG emission from products. As an important method for reducing GHG emission of products, low-carbon product family design has attracted more and more attention. Existing research, related to low-carbon product family design, did not take into account remanufactured products. Nowadays, it is popular to launch remanufactured products for environmental benefit and meeting customer needs. On the one hand, the design of remanufactured products is influenced by product family design. On the other hand, the launch of remanufactured products may cannibalize the sale of new products. Thus, the design of remanufactured products should be considered together with the product family design for obtaining the maximum profit and reducing the GHG emission as soon as possible. The purpose of this paper is to present an optimization model to concurrently determine product family design, remanufactured products planning and remanufacturing parameters selection with consideration of the customer preference, the total profit of a company and the total GHG emission from production. A genetic algorithm is applied to solve the optimization problem. The proposed method can help decision-makers to simultaneously determine the design of a product family and remanufactured products with a better trade-off between profit and environmental impact. Finally, a case study is performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented approach.

scholarly journals Supply-Chain Pricing and Coordination for New Energy Vehicles Considering Heterogeneity in Consumers’ Low Carbon Preference

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bengang Gong ◽  
Xuan Xia ◽  
Jinshi Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Marginal Effect ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Green Consumers ◽  
Decentralized Decision Making ◽  
New Energy ◽  
Total Profit ◽  
The Impact ◽  
New Energy Vehicles

Given consumers’ willingness to pay different prices for new energy vehicles (NEVs) and traditional vehicles, we construct a utility model of ordinary and green consumers. We establish pricing game models for centralized and decentralized decisions in an NEV’s supply chain in order to study the impact of changes in consumers’ low carbon preference heterogeneity on supply chain pricing and member profit. The results show that consumers’ low carbon preferences and the ratio of green consumers increases with the ex-factory and selling prices of NEVs. An increase in the percentage of green consumers under centralized decision-making will reduce the total profit of the supply chain. Manufacturers’ profits under decentralized decision-making are greater than the dealers’ profits, and the sum of the two members’ profits under decentralized decision-making is less than the total profit of the supply chain under centralized decision-making. We design a revenue-sharing contract to eliminate the double marginal effect.

scholarly journals Effect of Additional Order in Two-Stage Supply Chain Contract under the Demand Uncertainty

Computation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Suphannee Chueanun ◽  
Rawee Suwandechochai
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Demand Uncertainty ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Supply Chain Contract ◽  
Decentralized System ◽  
Numerical Studies ◽  
Total Profit ◽  
Buyback Contract ◽  
The Impact

In this work, mathematical models are formulated in order to investigate the effect of the additional order on the expected total profit of a two-stage supply chain. A multi-period buyback contract between a supplier and a retailer under the demand uncertainty is considered. Under the contract, an advance order is submitted to the supplier in advance when the demand is unknown, and an additional order can be made at the beginning of each period after the previous period demand is realized. The impact of the coordination on the supply chain’s expected total profit is also considered. The results show that the additional order does not always increases the supply chain profit. The additional order increases the supply chain profit only when both the retailer and supplier are coordinated. Under the decentralized system with the buyback contract, the retailer tends to order less in an advance order to reduce the risk. This leads to the higher cost due the additional order after the demand is realized. As a result, it is lowers the supply chain profit. Moreover, the sensitivity analysis is performed using numerical studies in order to observe the behavior of the expected total profit of the supply chain.

scholarly journals Robust Inferences from a Before-and-After Study with Multiple Unaffected Control Groups

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengyuan Wang ◽  
Mikhail Traskin ◽  
Dylan S. Small
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Time Effects ◽  
Unaffected Control ◽  
Group Time ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Group Variation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Before And After Study

AbstractThe before-and-after study with multiple unaffected control groups is widely applied to study treatment effects. The current methods usually assume that the control groups’ differences between the before and after periods, i.e. the group time effects, follow a normal distribution. However, there is usually no strong a priori evidence for the normality assumption, and there are not enough control groups to check the assumption. We propose to use a flexible skew-t distribution family to model group time effects, and consider a range of plausible skew-t distributions. Based on the skew-t distribution assumption, we propose a robust-t method to guarantee nominal significance level under a wide range of skew-t distributions, and hence make the inference robust to misspecification of the distribution of group time effects. We also propose a two-stage approach, which has lower power compared to the robust-t method, but provides an opportunity to conduct sensitivity analysis. Hence, the overall method of analysis is to use the robust-t method to test for the overall hypothesized range of shapes of group variation; if the test fails to reject, use the two-stage method to conduct a sensitivity analysis to see if there is a subset of group variation parameters for which we can be confident that there is a treatment effect. We apply the proposed methods to two datasets. One dataset is from the Current Population Survey (CPS) to study the impact of the Mariel Boatlift on Miami unemployment rates between 1979 and 1982.The other dataset contains the student enrollment and grade repeating data in West Germany in the 1960s with which we study the impact of the short school year in 1966–1967 on grade repeating rates.

scholarly journals Low-carbon cast microalloyed steel intercritically heat-treated at different temperatures: microstructure and mechanical properties

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadi Torkamani ◽  
Shahram Raygan ◽  
Carlos Garcia Mateo ◽  
Yahya Palizdar ◽  
Jafar Rassizadehghani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Content ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Block Size ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Total Elongation ◽  
Martensite Phase ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Steel Increase ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIn this study, dual-phase (DP, ferrite + martensite) microstructures were obtained by performing intercritical heat treatments (IHT) at 750 and 800 °C followed by quenching. Decreasing the IHT temperature from 800 to 750 °C leads to: (i) a decrease in the volume fraction of austenite (martensite after quenching) from 0.68 to 0.36; (ii) ~ 100 °C decrease in martensite start temperature (Ms), mainly due to the higher carbon content of austenite and its smaller grains at 750 °C; (iii) a reduction in the block size of martensite from 1.9 to 1.2 μm as measured by EBSD. Having a higher carbon content and a finer block size, the localized microhardness of martensite islands increases from 380 HV (800 °C) to 504 HV (750 °C). Moreover, despite the different volume fractions of martensite obtained in DP microstructures, the hardness of the steels remained unchanged by changing the IHT temperature (~ 234 to 238 HV). Applying lower IHT temperature (lower fraction of martensite), the impact energy even decreased from 12 to 9 J due to the brittleness of the martensite phase. The results of the tensile tests indicate that by increasing the IHT temperature, the yield and ultimate tensile strengths of the DP steel increase from 493 to 770 MPa, and from 908 to 1080 MPa, respectively, while the total elongation decreases from 9.8 to 4.5%. In contrast to the normalized sample, formation of martensite in the DP steels could eliminate the yield point phenomenon in the tensile curves, as it generates free dislocations in adjacent ferrite.

scholarly journals Does the Low-Carbon City Pilot Policy Promote Green Technology Innovation? Based on Green Patent Data of Chinese A-Share Listed Companies

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 3695
Author(s):  
Jintao Ma ◽  
Qiuguang Hu ◽  
Weiteng Shen ◽  
Xinyi Wei
Keyword(s):  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Technology Innovation ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Green Technology ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Corporate Financing ◽  
Multiple Dimensions ◽  
Low Carbon City ◽  
The Impact ◽  
A Share

To cope with climate change and achieve sustainable development, low-carbon city pilot policies have been implemented. An objective assessment of the performance of these policies facilitates not only the implementation of relevant work in pilot areas, but also the further promotion of these policies. This study uses A-share listed enterprises from 2005 to 2019 and creates a multi-period difference-in-differences model to explore the impact of low-carbon city pilot policies on corporate green technology innovation from multiple dimensions. Results show that (1) low-carbon city pilot policies stimulates the green technological innovation of enterprises as manifested in their application of green invention patents; (2) the introduction of pilot policies is highly conducive to green technological innovation in eastern cities and enterprises in high-carbon emission industries; and (3) tax incentives and government subsidies are important fiscal and taxation tools that play the role of pilot policies in low-carbon cities. By alleviating corporate financing constraints, these policies effectively promote the green technological innovation of enterprises. This study expands the research on the performance of low-carbon city pilot policies and provides data support for a follow-up implementation and promotion of policies from the micro perspective at the enterprise level.

scholarly journals Integrated Mechanistic Engineering Models and Macroeconomic Input-Output approach to Model Physical Economy for Evaluating the Impact of transition to Circular Economy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Venkata Sai Gargeya Vunnava ◽  
Shweta Singh
Keyword(s):  
Circular Economy ◽  
Emerging Technologies ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Zero Waste ◽  
Engineering Models ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Sustainable Transition

Sustainable transition to low carbon and zero waste economy requires a macroscopic evaluation of opportunities and impact of adopting emerging technologies in a region. However, a full assessment of current...

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