Symmetric Quantile Quantizer Parameterization for the Laplacian Source: Qualification for Contemporary Quantization Solutions

In this paper, we consider the opportunities and constraints, which rest on quantization as a guiding principle for data representation and compression. In particular, we propose a novel model of Symmetric Quantile Quantizer (SQQ) and we describe in detail its parameterization. We suggest a simple method for offline precalculation of its parameters and we examine the inevitable loss of information introduced by SQQ, as an important part of bit optimization task at the traditional network level, which can be globally mapped out in many contemporary solutions. Our anticipation is that such precalculated values can be leveraged in deterministic quantization process. We highlight that this notice heavily relies on the fact that the values of interest are distributed according to the Laplacian distribution, which we consider in the paper. The basic difference of our SQQ and the previously established asymptotically optimal quantizer model, that is, Scalar Companding Quantizer (SCQ), is reflected in the fact that, in SCQ model, both decision thresholds and representation levels are determined in accordance with the specified compressor function, whereas in our SQQ model, a precedence of SCQ model for the straightforward decision thresholds calculation is used, while the representation levels are optimally determined for the specified decision thresholds and assumed Laplacian distribution. As a result, our SQQ outperforms SCQ in terms of signal-to-quantization noise ratio (SQNR). As stated in this paper, there are numerous indications to make us believe that appropriate quantizer parameterization will move us closer to an optimization in the amount of the transferred data in bits, which is strongly dependent on the amount of SQNR.

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Low Complex Forward Adaptive Loss Compression Algorithm and Its Application in Speech Coding

Journal of Electrical Engineering ◽

10.2478/v10187-011-0003-5 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 62 (1) ◽

pp. 19-24 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Jelena Nikolić ◽

Zoran Perić ◽

Dragan Antić ◽

Aleksandra Jovanović ◽

Dragan Denić

Keyword(s):

Speech Coding ◽

Piecewise Linear ◽

Frame Analysis ◽

Compression Algorithm ◽

Quantization Noise ◽

Practical Implementation ◽

Time Varying ◽

High Quality ◽

Laplacian Distribution ◽

Low Complex

Low Complex Forward Adaptive Loss Compression Algorithm and Its Application in Speech CodingThis paper proposes a low complex forward adaptive loss compression algorithm that works on the frame by frame basis. Particularly, the algorithm we propose performs frame by frame analysis of the input speech signal, estimates and quantizes the gain within the frames in order to enable the quantization by the forward adaptive piecewise linear optimal compandor. In comparison to the solution designed according to the G.711 standard, our algorithm provides not only higher level of the average signal to quantization noise ratio, but also performs a reduction of the PCM bit rate for about 1 bits/sample. Moreover, the algorithm we propose completely satisfies the G.712 standard, since it provides overreaching the curve defined by the G.712 standard in the whole of variance range. Accordingly, we can reasonably believe that our algorithm will find its practical implementation in the high quality coding of signals, represented with less than 8 bits/sample, which as well as speech signals follow Laplacian distribution and have the time varying variances.

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Empirical Mode Decomposition and Quantization Effects

International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.18.175 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 18 ◽

pp. 175-183

Author(s):

Michal Bejček ◽

Josef Kokeš

Keyword(s):

Empirical Mode Decomposition ◽

Quantization Noise ◽

Simple Method ◽

Hilbert Huang Transform ◽

Mode Decomposition

The article deals with phenomena that arise when trying to apply EMD decomposition of signals with quantization noise. It explains the basic procedures of EMD as a part of Hilbert-Huang transform and shows how it can be affected by quantization. A simple method to suppress these phenomena is proposed and examples to illustrate the functionality of this method are shown.

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A simple method of pedigree evaluation in dairy cattle

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0003356100033377 ◽

1959 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 167-174 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Alan Robertson

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cattle ◽

Approximate Method ◽

Simple Method ◽

Loss Of Information ◽

Equivalent Number ◽

Complex Pedigree

A simple but approximate method of pedigree evaluation is presented with particular reference to dairy cattle. It involves the expression of information available on any animal in the pedigree in terms of the equivalent number of ‘standard progeny records’. Formulae are given for the transfer of evidence from generation to generation within the pedigree. The application to one rather complex pedigree is illustrated and it is shown that the loss of information through the approximation is small.

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A simple way for producing holographic filters suitable for image improvement

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100108271 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 226-227

Author(s):

K.-H. Herrmann ◽

E. Reuber ◽

P. Schiske

Keyword(s):

Transfer Functions ◽

Diffraction Order ◽

Lateral Position ◽

Simple Method ◽

Spatial Frequencies ◽

Resolution Electron ◽

Wiener Filters ◽

Image Improvement ◽

Optical Reconstruction ◽

Set Up

Aposteriori deblurring of high resolution electron micrographs of weak phase objects can be performed by holographic filters [1,2] which are arranged in the Fourier domain of a light-optical reconstruction set-up. According to the diffraction efficiency and the lateral position of the grating structure, the filters permit adjustment of the amplitudes and phases of the spatial frequencies in the image which is obtained in the first diffraction order.In the case of bright field imaging with axial illumination, the Contrast Transfer Functions (CTF) are oscillating, but real. For different imageforming conditions and several signal-to-noise ratios an extensive set of Wiener-filters should be available. A simple method of producing such filters by only photographic and mechanical means will be described here.A transparent master grating with 6.25 lines/mm and 160 mm diameter was produced by a high precision computer plotter. It is photographed through a rotating mask, plotted by a standard plotter.

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Rotary Beveling for In Situ Thin-Section Microscopy of Cell Cultures

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100099192 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 39 ◽

pp. 550-551

Author(s):

Dean A. Handley ◽

Jack T. Alexander ◽

Shu Chien

Keyword(s):

Cell Growth ◽

Cell Cultures ◽

Molecular Interactions ◽

Convenient Method ◽

Petri Dish ◽

Simple Method ◽

Thin Section Microscopy ◽

Thin Sectioning ◽

Organic Fluids

In situ preparation of cell cultures for ultrastructural investigations is a convenient method by which fixation, dehydration and embedment are carried out in the culture petri dish. The in situ method offers the advantage of preserving the native orientation of cell-cell interactions, junctional regions and overlapping configurations. In order to section after embedment, the petri dish is usually separated from the polymerized resin by either differential cryo-contraction or solvation in organic fluids. The remaining resin block must be re-embedded before sectioning. Although removal of the petri dish may not disrupt the native cellular geometry, it does sacrifice what is now recognized as an important characteristic of cell growth: cell-substratum molecular interactions. To preserve the topographic cell-substratum relationship, we developed a simple method of tapered rotary beveling to reduce the petri dish thickness to a dimension suitable for direct thin sectioning.

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