Research on In Situ Stress Distribution of the Railway Tunnels in Southwest China Based on the Complete Temperature Compensation Technology

In situ stress is the natural stress existing in the stratum without engineering disturbance, also known as initial stress, absolute stress, or original rock stress. In order to master the in situ stress of the Manmushu Tunnel and Mamo Tunnel in Southwest China, the casing stress solution method is adopted in this paper. Through the combination of field measurement and laboratory test, the basic data such as initial strain during stress relief are collected, and the in situ stress values are analyzed in combination with indoor temperature compensation test, confining pressure calibration, and relevant rock mechanics tests. The measured results show the following: (1) the maximum horizontal principal stress σh.max ranges from 6.44 MPa to 19.74 MPa; the vertical principal stress σ v ranges from 4.11 MPa to 13.48 MPa; and the minimum horizontal principal stress ranges from 4.32 MPa to 11.22 MPa. (2) The maximum horizontal principal stress directions of the five measuring points are all located in the NW direction, which is basically consistent with the maximum principal stress direction of the regional tectonic stress field. The maximum horizontal principal stress (σh.max), the minimum horizontal principal stress (σh.min), and the vertical principal stress ( σ v ) all increase with the increase of buried depth, and the relationship is approximately linear. It is suggested that, in the actual construction process, the construction method and construction parameters should be optimized scientifically and reasonably to reduce the disturbance of blasting on the tunnel surrounding rock. After tunnel excavation, support measures should be taken quickly, timely, and scientifically to reduce and control the deformation of the surrounding rock.

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Study on In Situ Stress Measurement and Surrounding Rock Control Technology in Deep Mine

Geofluids ◽

10.1155/2020/8839333 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Zhongcheng Qin ◽

Bin Cao ◽

Yongle Liu ◽

Tan Li

Keyword(s):

Stress Field ◽

Principal Stress ◽

Coal Mine ◽

Maximum Principal Stress ◽

In Situ Stress ◽

Measured Data ◽

Surrounding Rock ◽

In Situ Stress Measurement ◽

Surrounding Rock Control

In situ stress is the direct cause of roadway deformation and failure in the process of deep mining activities. The measured data of in situ stress in the Shuanghe coal mine show that the maximum principal stress is 44.94~50.61 MPa, and the maximum principal stress direction is near horizontal direction, which belongs to tectonic stress field. The maximum horizontal principal stress is 1.66~1.86 of the vertical stress. The horizontal principal stress controls the deep stress field. According to the measured data of in situ stress, the high-strength prestress bolt and cable collaborative support form is designed in the Shuanghe coal mine. Based on the stress field research of bolt and cable, the optimal prestress ratio of bolt and cable is proposed as 3. When the prestress ratio of bolt and cable is constant, the smaller the length ratio of bolt and cable is, the better the effect of prestressed field formed by cooperative support is. The results are applied to the support design of the mining roadway in the Shuanghe coal mine. Through the field monitoring test results, it is found that the maximum roof subsidence is 86 mm, the maximum floor deformation is 52 mm, and the maximum deformation of two sides is 125 mm. The surrounding rock control effect of the roadway is good, and the surrounding rock deformation conforms to the engineering technology standard requirements. The research results of this paper can provide some reference for the surrounding rock support of high ground stress mining roadway under similar conditions.

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Study on the Influence of In Situ Stress Distribution on the Stability of Roadway Surrounding Rock

Advances in Civil Engineering ◽

10.1155/2021/3570523 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Tao Li ◽

Hao Gong ◽

Guoliang Xu

Keyword(s):

Stress Distribution ◽

Principal Stress ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Maximum Principal Stress ◽

In Situ Stress ◽

Surrounding Rock ◽

Rock Stability ◽

Induced Stress ◽

Stress Direction

In order to understand the instability characteristics of surrounding rock in the process of deep roadway excavation, a three-dimensional numerical model was established by FLAC3D to systematically analyze the influence of roadway surrounding rock stability under different in situ stress distribution forms, and the environmental coefficient of mining-induced stress η was defined, the larger the environmental coefficient of mining-induced stress is, the larger the surrounding rock stress environment is, and the range where the η coefficient is greater than 0.2 is called with the destruction-danger zone. When the initial vertical stress is maximum principal stress and minimum principal stress, by comparing the roadway along the middle ground stress direction and minimum or maximum in-situ stress direction, the variation characteristics of displacement, failure zone and failure hazard zone of roadway surrounding rock are obtained, which provides theoretical basis for the treatment of disaster accidents such as roadway surrounding rock instability and rock burst caused by deep high in-situ stress.

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Numerical Investigation of a Hydrosplitting Fracture and Weak Plane Interaction Using Discrete Element Modeling

Water ◽

10.3390/w12020535 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 535

Author(s):

Shuaiqi Liu ◽

Fengshan Ma ◽

Haijun Zhao ◽

Jie Guo ◽

Xueliang Duan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Shear Stress ◽

Principal Stress ◽

Stress Ratio ◽

Water Pressure ◽

Maximum Shear Stress ◽

Water Inrush ◽

Discrete Element ◽

Maximum Principal Stress ◽

In Situ Stress

Water inrush caused by hydrosplitting is an extremely common disaster in the engineering of underground tunnels. In this study, the propagation of fluid-driven fractures based on an improved discrete element fluid-solid coupling method was modeled. First, the interactions between hydrosplitting fractures (HFs) and preexisting weak planes (WPs) with different angles were simulated considering water pressure in the initial fracture. Second, the influence of the in situ stress ratio and the property of WPs were analyzed, and corresponding critical pressure values of different interactions were calculated. Lastly, the maximum principal stress and maximum shear stress variation inside the pieces were reproduced. The following conclusions can be drawn: (1) Five different types of interaction modes between HFs and natural WPs were obtained, prone to crossing the WPs under inclination of 90°. (2) The initiation pressure value decreased with an increased in situ stress ratio, and the confining stress status had an effect on the internal principal stress. (3) During HFs stretching in WPs with a high elastic modulus, the value of the maximum principal stress was low and rose slowly, and the maximum shear stress value was smaller. Through comprehensive analysis, the diversity of the principal stress curves is fundamentally determined by the interaction mode between HFs and WPs, which are influenced by the variants mentioned in the paper. The analysis provides a better guideline for understanding the failure mechanism of water gushing out of deep buried tunnel construction and cracking seepage of high head tunnels.

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Characteristics of in situ stress field in the Huainan mining area, China and its control factors

10.21203/rs.3.rs-260973/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Xiuchang Shi ◽

Jixing Zhang ◽

Guoqing Li

Keyword(s):

Principal Stress ◽

Mining Area ◽

Maximum Principal Stress ◽

Geological Structure ◽

In Situ Stress ◽

Burial Depth ◽

Principal Stresses ◽

Support Design ◽

Control Factors

Abstract Due to the high in situ stresses, dynamic disasters occurred frequently in the Huainan mining area, China. While our understanding of the in situ stresses in this area is still insufficient. In this study, the in situ stresses of 18 sections in two boreholes in the Xinji No. 1 coalfield were measured by using hydraulic fracturing method, and the distribution of in situ stresses in the Huainan mining area were investigated. The relationship between in situ stress and geological structure in the Huainan mining area were summarized and the limitation of fault friction strength on in situ stresses were discussed. The result showed that the maximum horizontal principal stress (σH) at Xinji No. 1 mine was 13.95–25.23 MPa, the minimum horizontal principal stress (σh) was 12.16–21.17 MPa. The average azimuth of the maximum horizontal principal stress was N83.61 °E. The statistical results showed that the in situ stresses in Huainan mining area were characterized by a strike-slip faulting regime. Both the horizontal and vertical principal stresses increased approximately linearly with the increase of burial depth. The direction of the maximum principal stress in the study area is closely related to the tectonic movement and the ratio of maximum principal stress to minimum principal stress was primarily limited by the friction strength of fault. The outcomes of this research can provide some reliable engineering parameters and benefit the roadway layout and support design in the Huainan mining area.

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The Experimental Study on the In Situ Stress of SongNan Block

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.395-396.852 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 395-396 ◽

pp. 852-855 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Li Gang Zhang ◽

Hai Bo Wang ◽

Xiao Dong Si ◽

Shi Bin Li

Keyword(s):

Principal Stress ◽

Wave Velocity ◽

Phase Angle ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Maximum Principal Stress ◽

In Situ Stress ◽

Velocity Anisotropy ◽

Oil And Gas Exploration ◽

Tight Gas Reservoir

In view of the low pressure tight gas reservoir in Songnan block, the comprehensive experiment of in-situ stress is carried out. Firstly, the tuffaceous breccia of Longshen 301 and 307 has been cored and the flag line is depicted. Through the viscous remanence experiment, the secondary viscous remanence component at 0°C~200°C is gradually separated, and the average direction of the two groups core flag line are obtained, which are 92.0° and 114.7°. Then to mark the flag line as the baseline, using the wave velocity anisotropy experiment to measure the acoustic wave velocity under different phase angle, the minimum wave velocity phase angle of the two groups core are achieved, which are 23° and 44° . And combined with the direction of the flag line, the direction of maximum horizontal principal stress are determined for N69o E and N70.7o E. Finally, using DSA (differential strain) experiment, the strain recovery of 9 direction under hydrostatic pressure are measured, and the three principal strain, the magnitude and direction of the principal stress are obtained through the inversion, the maximum principal stress direction of which are N70.8o E and N71.7o E. Compared the wave velocity anisotropy experiments and DSA experimental results, both close, the direction of the regional maximum horizontal in-situ stress is determined for N70.5° E ± 1.5°. According to the above research results, the basis for the engineering design of Songnan block such as oil and gas exploration, development, drilling and production is provided.

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Geological Core Ground Reorientation Technology Application on In Situ Stress Measurement of an Over-Kilometer-Deep Shaft

Advances in Civil Engineering ◽

10.1155/2020/8830593 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

Chunde Ma ◽

Xibing Li ◽

Jiangzhan Chen ◽

Yanan Zhou ◽

Sen Gao

Keyword(s):

Principal Stress ◽

Stress Measurement ◽

Stress Relief ◽

Maximum Principal Stress ◽

In Situ Stress ◽

Vertical Stress ◽

Geometry Model ◽

In Situ Stress Measurement ◽

Stress Changes

As mining progresses to depth, engineering activities face the extreme challenge of high in situ stress. To efficiently measure the deep in situ stress before engineering excavation, an innovative deep in situ stress measurement method capable of the geological core ground reorientation technology and acoustic emission (AE) technology was proposed. With this method, nonorientation geological cores collected from the thousand-meter-deep borehole were reoriented based on the spatial spherical geometry model and borehole bending measurement principle. The distribution of deep in situ stress of an over-kilometer-deep shaft in the Xiangxi gold mine was investigated with real-time synchronized MTS 815 material testing machine and PCI-II AE instrument. The results show that the in situ stress changes from being dominated by horizontal stress to being dominated by vertical stress with depth. The horizontal maximum principal stress and vertical stress gradually increase with depth and reach a high-stress level (greater than 25 MPa) at a depth of 1000 m. The direction of the maximum principal stress is near the north. Meanwhile, to analyze the accuracy of the measured in situ stress comparatively, the stress relief measurements were performed at a depth of 655–958 m in the mine, using the Swedish LUT rock triaxial in situ stress measurement system. The distribution of deep in situ stress obtained by the stress relief method agrees well with that by the AE method, which proves the reliability of the AE in situ stress testing method based on the geological core ground reorientation technology.

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Risk Assessment of Fracturing Induced Earthquake in the Qiabuqia Geothermal Field, China

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13225977 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (22) ◽

pp. 5977

Author(s):

Kun Shan ◽

Yanjun Zhang ◽

Yanhao Zheng ◽

Liangzhen Li ◽

Hao Deng

Keyword(s):

Principal Stress ◽

Focal Mechanism ◽

Maximum Principal Stress ◽

In Situ Stress ◽

Geothermal Field ◽

Earthquake Risk ◽

Maximum Magnitude ◽

Induced Earthquakes ◽

Induced Earthquake

In order to reduce the harm of induced earthquakes in the process of geothermal energy development, it is necessary to analyze and evaluate the induced earthquake risk of a geothermal site in advance. Based on the tectonic evolution and seismogenic history around the Qiabuqia geothermal field, the focal mechanism of the earthquake was determined, and then the magnitude and direction of in-situ stress were inversed with the survey data. At the depth of more than 5 km, the maximum principal stress is distributed along NE 37°, and the maximum principal stress reaches 82 MPa at the depth of 3500 m. The induced earthquakes are evaluated by using artificial neural network (ANN) combined with in-situ stress, focal mechanism, and tectonic conditions. The predicted earthquake maximum magnitude is close to magnitude 3.

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In situ stress characteristics of the NE Sichuan basin based on acoustic emission test and imaging logging

SN Applied Sciences ◽

10.1007/s42452-021-04836-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (12) ◽

Author(s):

Xinxin Fang ◽

Hong Feng

Keyword(s):

Principal Stress ◽

Sichuan Basin ◽

Tectonic Stress ◽

In Situ Stress ◽

Vertical Stress ◽

Clastic Rock ◽

Rock Formation ◽

Marine Carbonate ◽

Northeast Sichuan Basin

AbstractThis study presents the distribution rule of in situ stress in the northeast Sichuan basin and its relationship with fracture. Sixty-seven sets of core samples of 21 Wells from the terrigenous clastic rock formation (Shaximiao, Qianfoya, Xujiahe) and marine carbonate formation (Jialingjiang, Leikoupo, Feixianguan) in the northeast Sichuan basin were tested by acoustic emission experiment. The in situ stress variation with the depth was established and the corresponding regression analysis was done. The horizontal principal stress direction of terrigenous clastic rock formation and marine carbonate rock formation was obtained by combining the dual diameter data of 6 wells and the imaging logging data of 3 wells. The results show that the vertical stress in the northeast of Sichuan basin has a linear relationship with the depth, and there is little difference between the vertical stress and the overburden weight of rocks. The maximum and minimum horizontal principal stress and horizontal shear stress increase with the burial depth. The divergence degree of horizontal shear stress with depth greater than 3000 m is greater than that of the stratum smaller than 3000 m. The horizontal stress plays a dominant role in the northeast Sichuan basin. With the increase in depth, the influence of tectonic stress field decreases and the vertical stress increases. Impacted by Dabashan and Qinling plate tectonic movement, the direction of in situ stress in marine carbonate strata is nearly east–west. The direction of maximum horizontal principal stress in terrigenous clastic rock formation is basically northwest–southeast. The imaging logging data show that the fracture direction is consistent with the horizontal principal stress direction, and the present in situ stress direction is favorable to the secondary reconstruction of natural fractures, and the fractures keep good opening. The distribution law of in situ stress in northeast Sichuan basin shows σH > σV > σh, indicating that the fault activity in this area is dominated by strike-slip type, the tectonic stress field is dominated by horizontal tectonic stress, in addition that the stress state is conducive to reverse fault activity.

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Fracture patterns and their relations to mountain building in a fold-thrust belt: A case study in NW Taiwan

BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin ◽

10.2113/gssgfbull.184.4-5.485 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 184 (4-5) ◽

pp. 485-500 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Hao-Tsu Chu ◽

Jian-Cheng Lee ◽

Françoise Bergerat ◽

Jyr-Ching Hu ◽

Shen-Hsiung Liang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Principal Stress ◽

Bedding Plane ◽

Tectonic Stress ◽

Maximum Principal Stress ◽

Thrust Belt ◽

Mountain Building ◽

Fracture Patterns ◽

Building Process ◽

Regional Tectonic

Abstract The main purpose of this study is to analyse striated micro-faults and other types of fractures (including tensile and shear joints, and veins), in order to elucidate their relationships with regional folds and thrusts and regional tectonic stress. We take the fold-thrust belt (i.e., the foothills and the Hsuehshan range) in NW Taiwan as a case study, which is a product of the Plio-Pleistocene arc-continent collision. A total of about 760 and 1700 faults and other fractures, respectively, were collected at 41 sites in the field. We have identified four sets of bed-perpendicular joints in the study area. The observation of joints and bedding at each site indicates that most of the penetrative joint sets developed in the earlier tectonic stage of the pre-folding/pre-tilting event, illustrating the fact that the intersection of joint sets lies along the line perpendicular to the bedding plane. We thus interpret these sets as tectonic fractures under deep-seated tectonic stress. We used the regional fold axes as reference to define the four fracture sets. However, we found that complexity in the study area makes this rather tentative. Principal stress axes σ1, σ2, σ3, were calculated by means of inversion of fault slip data at each site. The ratio Φ that defines the shape of stress ellipsoid is generally small, indicating that the value of the maximum principal stress axe σ1 is much larger compared to that of σ2 and σ3, which are approximately equal. The paleostress regime was characterized by a combination of thrust and strike-slip tectonic regimes. Based on their geometric relationships with tilted bedding, we found most of striated micro-faults were strongly related to the regional folding and can be categorized as early-, during, and late-folding stages. We characterized two major directions for the compressive event, oriented N110–120°E and N150–160°E respectively, which provide additional evidence to delineate the debates about paleostress changes in the Taiwan mountain building process.

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